Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Recognition of Components Affecting the Formation of Identity and Collective Memory Around Historic Bridges (Case Study: Langroud City)

Abbas Tarkashvand; Heydar Jahanbakhsh; Maryam KarimiNezhad

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 5-14

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62043

Abstract

The changes in urban life today has resulted in the less importance or complete loss or of many known urban spaces and social and cultural functionalities. These changes are ... Read More

Analysis of the Gap between the Perception and Preference of Environmental Security in Neighborhood Parks (Case Study: Sabounpazkhaneh Neighborhood Parks in District 12 of Tehran)

Hamid Reza Azemati; Abdolhamid Ghanbaran; Fateme Jam

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 5-16

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62061

Abstract

The Comparison of Iranian and Foreign Footpaths Based on ANP Method

Kioumars Habibi; Mohammad Reza Haghi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 5-19

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68575

Abstract

After the development of transportation and the decline of environmental quality, especially in central context of cities, improving people’s living conditions and returning urban ... Read More

Comparison of Spatial Structure of Historical Contexts and New Neighborhood Development Based on Space Syntax Technique (Case Study: Gorgan Historical Texture & Farhangian Neigbourhood)

MohammadAli Tabarsa; Reza ParsianKhomri; Seyed Mohsen Hoseini Foogerdi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 5-16

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87930

Abstract

Comparison of spatial structure of historical contexts and new neighborhood development in order to find a suitable and desirable pattern for developing new context, is one ... Read More

Assessing Environmental Qualities in the City Gateway and Prioritizing Them by Means of the Analysis Network Process

Kyoumars Habibi; Esmaeil Shieh; Mehdi Saidi

Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 5-23

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.131418.

Abstract

The city gateway is one of most fundamental elements of spatial and physical structure of the city that has special functions and applications. The city gateway links the urban ... Read More

Identification of Factors Affecting Sociopetality in the Educational Environment of Architecture and Analyzing the Interaction between Them via F. MCDM (Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision-Making Approach)

Elham Jafari; Hamzeh Gholamalizadeh; Mahmood Modiri

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 5-18

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.103673

Abstract

It seems that many environments are built on the tastes, personal values and perceptions of designers, or under the influence of the teachings of an architectural style. Therefore, ... Read More It seems that many environments are built on the tastes, personal values and perceptions of designers, or under the influence of the teachings of an architectural style. Therefore, regardless of the quantitative aspects, it is required to pay attention and apply the perceptible meanings of the environment that can be pleasant or unpleasant from the user's point of view. Considering the relationship between man and the built environment as the basis for determining the environmental characteristics and especially, the physical characteristics in architectural studies in Iran is new. About the design of educational environments of architecture, social interactions between the students themselves and between them and the professor can help to exchange experiences and information and provide a favorable context for the education of architecture and architectural design. Sociopetality, as a qualitative feature of the educational environment can increase the possibility of social interactions between architecture students themselves and between them and the professors and promote the learning process of architecture. This study assumes that this goal can be achieved through the creation of sociopetal environments that enable social interaction. Therefore, environmental factors affecting sociopetality in the educational environment of architecture are investigated and the relationships between them are evaluated. This research is an applied, descriptive-analytical study that is carried out using fuzzy mathematical modeling. After identifying the basic concepts of sociopetality, social interactions as well as the educational environment of architecture, the proposed model of factors influencing sociopetality was obtained through logical analysis and deductive reasoning. Then, the obtained factors were screened using Fuzzy Delphi method, and to evaluate their accuracy, a questionnaire was developed and some experts were asked to fill it. The main method used in this study is of Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) methods, which is one of the most important methods in evaluating cause-effect relationships (Lin, et al, 2018) (Tseng, Chiu, 2013), and because of the ambiguity and uncertainty of the problem, it was decided to solve it using fuzzy theory. Therefore, the relationships between factors and their effects were investigated using fuzzy dematel method. In this study, the population included all architecture professors (with a history of teaching and attending in the architectural environment) as experts aware of the research topic. Finally, by summarizing all the comments and presenting the categorization including all the items, the main factors were divided into six general categories, which were confirmed using Delphi method, as follows: Physical elements: They determine the physical structure and provide the facilities required for the use of space. They are one of the basic human needs for comfort and convenience in a place and increase the possibility of using the environment and social interactions. Therefore, it is necessary that light, sound and temperature in the educational environment of architecture do not disturb the user (student and professor) and dissuade him/her from attending in the environment. Spatial-architectural elements: These are the elements of the physical environment, that enable the realization of a behavioral pattern by creating territories. Things like the dimensions, size and geometry of space, spatial relationships creating visual connection and spatial integration, the presence of natural elements as well as artificial elements, such as urban elements, stairs or water, can encourage people to stay and sit together and start an interaction. Aesthetic meaning: This category indicates characteristics such as novelty, diversity, harmony and spatial proportions. The proportion between content (aesthetic) meanings and current activities in educational environment of architecture influences learning. Sense of security: Security is seen as a social factor affecting sociopetality that provides the ground required for the presence of individuals. Providing adequate light and accessibility for specific groups are of factors helping to create the sense of security. Semantic-perceptual elements: The meaning of the environment at different emotional, sensational, referential, evaluative, and prescriptive levels can affect the user of space. The physical environment also acts in relation to emotions and experiences, and aids the user's perception. Concepts such as invitingness, flexibility of the environment, etc. encourage students to be present in the learning environment, and enhance the students’ social interactions and learning process by enabling changes in environmental capabilities (such as furniture) according to their needs. Functional-activity: By adapting current behavioral patterns to behavior settlements, presence and activity in the environment can be enhanced and common contexts for group behaviors in students can be created by creating a sense of belonging. Accountability activity and active employment (the possibility of various activities in place) as well as the presence of a space for interaction and conversation help the students' interactions and thus their learning. Also, based on the interaction analysis and the relationship between the factors and sub-factors influencing sociopetality, the following notes can be mentioned: “Functional-activity” factor with a net susceptibility value of 0.94 is the most affected factor on sociopetality in an educational environment of architecture. In other words, this factor is the main issue to be solved by the affecting factors. In fact, the realization of sociopetality in the educational environment of architecture depends on this factor. "Physical elements" with an effectiveness value of 0.87 is the most effective factor on sociopetality in educational environment of architecture. In other words, it is the most important factor among those influencing sociopetality and should be prioritized when designing the environment. Also, "Spatial-architectural elements" with a difference of 0.09 is the 2nd most effective factor that affects perceptual-semantic, aesthetic, sense of security and functional-activity factors, and enables different activities to be realized. Thus, light and lighting, odor and temperature, dimensions and size, geometry, spatial relationships, and the presence of natural and architectural elements were the main sub-factors affecting the sociopetal environment and playing a role in the creation of such an environment.

The Role of Mental Schemata in Production of Space (Criticism of Lefebvre's Spatial Triad from the Perspective of Vygotskian School of Cognitive Psychology)

Behrad Farmahini Farahani; Mozaffar Sarrafi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 5-21

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.223709.1376

Abstract

Extended Abstract Objective and Background: Henri Lefebvre’s theory of production of space has been one of the most influential theories in spatial studies that deals with the ... Read More Extended Abstract Objective and Background: Henri Lefebvre’s theory of production of space has been one of the most influential theories in spatial studies that deals with the relationship between the mentality of urban residents and urban space. The triad of spatial practice, representations of space and representational spaces, which have been discussed in that theory, have proven to be problematic due to its failure of explanation of the way that semeiotical significations in a representational space lead to the creation of meanings in the mind. In addition, it is not precise from the perspective of the cognitive psychology. The objective of present essay is the criticism of Lefebvre’s triad and explanation of the process of thought and representation in mind by means of Vygotskian School in cognitive psychology and application of the mental schema model. By criticism of Lefebvre’s theory and revelation of its deficiencies and finally, by the use of model of mental schema, the following question is answered: How is urban space created in relation to consciousness and mentality of its residents? Methodos: The methodology of current essay is based on two general methodological approach: system approach in epistemology and structurationist ontology; with emphasize on becoming, which is dialectic. Thus, it is emphasized that there is something beyond the mere expression of the mutual relationship between structure and culture, environment and psyche of man and it is that social and spatial phenomena should be studied in the course of their evolution, maturation and fall in history; this is indeed the method of dialectic. Although Lefebvre’s method from the perspective of its three moments helps us to avoid the absolute and one-sided encounter with spatial issues, it is still problematic and subject to criticism that how representational spaces influence human psyche and mind through the process of semiotical significations as well as the adi of physical objects that contain meanings (whether in line with political and social resistance or in line with the regeneration of the dominant way of production through systematization of space and exertion of hegemony over the space). Findings: This criticism took place through the encounter of the ideas of Lefebvre with the ideas of Vygotsky and Bakhtin and expression of the role of mental schema in understanding of meanings and interpretation of the inputs and their externalization. Firstly, Vygotsky in his discussion as regards inner speech showed that on the one hand, there is a distance between the meaning of a word and its sense. On the other hand, he proved that there is a difference between the scientific concepts and everyday concepts, which in turn reminds us the Hegelian difference of “In-itself” and “For-Itself. In addition, scientific concepts, which are the result of education, surpass the everyday concepts in mental analyses. Secondly, according to Bakhtin’s theory, process of thought has a dialogic nature, and in the word of every individual, there is always a trace of “otherness”. This issue leads us towards understanding the role of social groups in individual consciousness. Thirdly, mental schema, which are the dynamic element of individual consciousness and have a propositional nature change following the creation of question and search for answer. Following the change of the mental schema, if the individual finds the opportunity for institutionalization and popularization of his own idea, the culture would change too. Then, culture can be defined through the change in mental schema. On the other hand, problem of cognitive distortion is also related with the concept of exertion of hegemony and false consciousness, which can be discussed in the form of the intentional manipulation of the mental schema. Through these three theoretical foundations, one can conclude: 1)consciousness acts by means of the concepts that build mental schema; 2)since reality is changing, concepts also change in the course of time, and change in concepts and their relations through raising a question, findings answer, training and institutionalization leads to the change of mental schema; 3)individual consciousness has a collective structure, i.e. it is influenced by social groups which host the individual as their member; 4) factors of hegemony succeed to control cultural space and lived space thanks to cognitive distortion. Definition of culture through model of mental schema causes the mode of production and change of space to be clarified without being entangled with the cognitive deficiencies of Lefebvre’s cognitive theory. In an analysis that was proposed of the everyday concepts and scientific notions, it became clear that perceptions and ideas that take place due to the semiotical metaphors and significations within lived space and through spatial representations of Lefebvre are mere everyday concepts. Therefore, they do not have the logical structure of scientific concepts and even if the end of the concatenation of associations leads to similar action, since they have led to that action with an inferential method and by means of different notions and interrelations between them in the form of mental schema, soon or later, the difference and contradiction of them will be revealed. Therefore, Lefebvre’s political project, i.e. the ideal society that will be realized through resistance of different groups like oppressed, underclasses, ethnic groups, gender groups and other before the capitalist system, is more a poetic notion than a scientific analysis of the mental conditions of those groups. Conclusion: The results acquired through findings and discussions show that semiotical significations in lived space not in a poetic form that is hidden in Lefebvre’s expression rather through the role that concepts and the relations between them are established between them in the form of schemata in mind. Moreover, study of formation and change of space requires the study of the evolutionary schemata of intentional and active man whose consciousness has taken form by mediation of the semiotical systems and tools and of course, changes in the course of time. Since the consciousness of every individual is influenced by the social group to which the individual belongs, the mental schemata of social groups regarding a determinate space should be studied.

Simulation and evaluation of the effect of membrane canopy on outdoor thermal comfort in Semnan city

Sepideh Jafarian; Elham Sarkardehee; Danial Monsefi Parapari; Mohammad Reza Mojahedi

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 5-19

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.262631.1596

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Given the significance of human presence in open spaces and the influence of climate on urban activities and behaviors, this study addresses ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Given the significance of human presence in open spaces and the influence of climate on urban activities and behaviors, this study addresses the crucial aspect of outdoor thermal comfort. Urban open spaces, especially in hot climates, make users experience high thermal loads leading to thermal discomfort. Outdoor thermal comfort can be improved by controlling radiation and shading to mitigate stresses induced by surface overheating and environmental factors. This research underscores the importance of shading and radiation reduction to promote human presence, create a micro-climate, and improve comfort conditions in urban open spaces. Recognizing shade-producing factors, such as canopies, can contribute to creating desirable outdoor environments. In this context, fabric membrane structures are suitable solutions for hot climates, offering shade and natural ventilation. In hot and arid climates like Semnan, outdoor thermal comfort is not met due to factors such as intense heat, clear skies, strong sunlight, limited vegetation, and a lack of shade. Consequently, outdoor spaces are usable for only limited hours and only for specific seasons. However, by controlling the temperatures and introducing shading, a key factor in cooling the environment and reducing air temperatures during hot periods, thermal comfort conditions can be provided to some extent. Membrane canopies, with their unique properties, are suitable for outdoor spaces, particularly in hot and arid climates, offering users enhanced thermal comfort.Methods: This study investigates the effect of lightweight membrane canopies on outdoor thermal comfort in Semnan, characterized by a hot and dry climate, through a combination of bibliographic research and simulations using ENVI-met and ANSYS software. The bibliographic research is conducted through scrutinizing the sources and documents and analyzing Persian and non-Persian materials related to outdoor thermal comfort and lightweight membrane structures, employing both descriptive and analytical information analysis methods. Simulations are run using ENVI-met to assess the influence of shade on the environment and ANSYS software to simulate various common shade models, assessing their effects on thermal comfort. The simulation analysis follows a comparative research data analysis and review approach.Findings: The findings indicate that installing a membrane canopy during summer results in a temperature reduction of up to 4.7 °C, substantially improving thermal comfort conditions. Lightweight membrane canopies effectively cool the space beneath them and prevent ground overheating. According to previous researches and considering that there are two factors of high temperature and low humidity in the hot and dry climate of Semnan, the combined use of shade to reduce temperature and vegetation to increase humidity has a significant effect on thermal comfort in the hot and dry climate of the Semnan. This discrepancy is attributed to real-world conditions where wind, surrounding objects, and natural elements around the canopies disperse heat, and the flat plate strongly absorbs heat; however, in real conditions there are other objects around the canopies that reduce the intensity of heat. Although shade does not cool the ground, it effectively mitigates excessive heating. In the current simulations, the ground surrounding the canopy heats up to 70-80 °C, but temperatures are cooler under the canopy. If the lowest temperature under the canopy is the criterion, the saddle canopy is more suitable, and if the cooling capacity of the shade is important, the saddle canopy has performed better.Conclusion: Lightweight membrane canopies cause temperature differences in hot and dry climates. The Ansys simulation results with the aim of investigating the effect of the membrane shade and determining the suitable form for the light membrane shade confirm that the membrane canopy cool the space under and prevent excessive ground overheating. Out of the four membrane canopy models available, namely the Simple, Conical, Umbrella, and Saddle designs, the Saddle canopy stands out with an effectiveness rate of 43.15% in the environment, demonstrating strong performance in creating a cooler space beneath it and can be considered the most suitable choice among the canopy models.

Strategic requirements for improving the self-organizing capacity of cities in order to make them smarter(Case study: Ahvaz metropolis)

Mahyar Sajadian; Mohamad Ali Firoozi; Ahmad Pourahmad

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 5-21

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.338329.1912

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, smart cities are a new paradigm in the global urban planning system. Based on the capabilities of information and communication ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, smart cities are a new paradigm in the global urban planning system. Based on the capabilities of information and communication technology, these smart cities try to improve the quality of life in places which are immersed in numerous problems with social, economic, environmental and other dimensions. However, a comprehensive, multidimensional, complex smart city is based on the urban planning paradigm of complexity and chaos which can lead to successful planning and management. The present study, from the perspective of modern chaos theory, is aimed to formulate strategic requirements for the realization of the smart city in Ahvaz metropolis.Methods: This article is in the category of applied-developmental research, which is question-based. It has been accomplished using bibliographic and survey method, using exploratory factor analysis, one-sample t-test and Friedman ranking test in SPSS software. The survey instrument was a 5-point Likert questionnaire whose final content validity was confirmed by professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.906. The statistical population consist of the experts of the institutions involved in the smartening process of Ahvaz metropolis. A combination of clustered snowball sampling methods and monitored network was used in this research. Finally, 380 questionnaires were completed. The adequacy of the number of samples was confirmed by KMO method.Findings: Based on the findings of the research, in relation to the theory of chaos, it is possible to conclude that Ahvaz metropolis is affected by the non-linear effect in the smartening process; also, the butterfly effect is significant in this metropolis. Moreover, in connection with the modulating variable of the power of universities and research institutes, sensibly, it can be accepted that the condition of this component is also not inappropriate. Using Friedman’s ranking test, the authors ranked the components and indicators including the butterfly effect of social and ethnic pluralism, social moderators, steady flow of energy, people, non-linear effect, variable modulating power of universities and research institutes, contexts, structural forces, institutional forces. Finally, the use of communication and information technology capabilities in promoting environmental quality (motivators) are located.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, nonlinear effects govern the process of smart city development in Ahvaz significantly. This implies that a nonlinear system, influenced by variables such as conflicting interests, developmental contradictions, ownership conflicts, and the level of technology acceptance by the public, dominates the realization of the smart city in Ahvaz. These factors have led to turbulent conditions in this metropolis. In this context, the impact of two key factors, namely, government and oil, on this process and system, as well as the central-peripheral dynamics shaped in the country, particularly in connection with the oil-rich city of Ahvaz, cannot be overlooked. As many researchers have emphasized in their studies, the government has commercialized money and capital in the cities through the vast banking system. It has helped the expansion of cities and urbanization more than ever. This extensive and unmatched influence of the government originates above all from the way of obtaining its revenue sources, i.e. the export of crude oil, the resulting national surplus has an important contribution to the accumulation of capital and expanding reproduction in the economic process of the country. In such an atmosphere, the military creation of the center and the periphery has caused the emergence of an unbalanced national development model. Therefore, as observed in the analytical research model, the government and oil entities, in addition to their impact within the framework of internal structural institutions of the Ahvaz metropolis, are considered external influential factors in the overall drivers of smart city realization in Ahvaz. The presence of these two entities, due to their interactions with each other and the factors of conflicting interests, developmental contradictions, ownership conflicts, and the level of technology acceptance by the public, intensifies the nonlinear effects in the process of smart city development in Ahvaz. Inside, the stimuli have stimulated the drives and the drivers - based on the theoretical foundations of smart cities - with the goal of achieving a more efficient, sustainable, livable and fairer city in an urban framework with dimensions of smart environment, smart life, smart economy, smart mobility, smart governance and smart people to mobilize resources and facilities. But in the meantime, the factor of social and ethnic pluralism as a factor with a butterfly effect can be effective in this movement from drivers to a smart city. Also, in this transformation, two social moderator variables and the power of universities and research institutes are effective in this movement. In addition, the internet access flows as a constant flow of energy on the entire system.

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سازگاری ساختاری سیستم های صنعتی ساختمان سازی

جلیل اولیا; علیرضا تقدیری; سارا قنبرزاده قمی

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2010

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2010.61920

Abstract

تأثیرات معماری فضاهای مجازی بر محیط انسانی

احمد اخلاصی; حسام قمری

Volume 2, Issue 1 , July 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61933

Abstract

مقدمه ای بر مفهوم وانواع شفافیت در هنر و معماری معاصر غرب

محمدرضا بابایی; حسین سلطان زاده; مسعود شریک زاده

Volume 2, Issue 2 , October 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61942

Abstract

استخراج معیارهای هماهنگی و ناهماهنگی نماهای ساختمان با دستگاه بینایی انسان با توجه به اصول بوم شناسی بصری

محمدرضا پور جعفر; مریم علوی با المعنی

Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2013

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2013.61951

Abstract

رویکرد پایداری در طراحی اشیای کهن ایران (نمونه پژوهش : ظروف خانگی قرون اولیه اسلامی تا پنجم هجری)

پردیس بهمنی

Volume 4, Issue 1 , May and June 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61959

Abstract

بازشناسی برخی نشانه ها در فضاهای شهری

عباس ترکاشوند; سحر مجیدی

Volume 4, Issue 2 , January 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61971

Abstract

تدوین راهبردهای طراحی مبادی ورودی شهرها با رویکرد کیفیات ادراکی - بصری (نمونه مورد مطالعه: ورودی جنوب شرقی کلان شهر تهران)

عبدالهادی دانشپور; مهدی ماستیانی

Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2015

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2015.61979

Abstract

سازوکار داوری و سنجش طراحی در آموزش معماری پیشنهاد مدلی برای ارزیابی فرآیند و ارزشیابی طرح در تعامل استاد و دانشجو

رضا سامه; عباسعلی ایزدی

Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2015

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2015.61988

Abstract

تجلی سنت در معماری معاصر ژاپن تداوم حضور « ستون »، به عنوان عنصر دارای معنا در اندیشه معماران ژاپن

میثم معصومی

Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2016

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2016.61995

Abstract

بهبود عملکرد عناصر معماری زمینه گرا در معماری گیلان و بازآفرینی آن در ساختارهای امروزی با استفاده از تکنولوژی نانو

مریم دربندی; محمد احمدی; ساناز علیدوست ماسوله; سمیرا رحیمی آتانی

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2016.62004

Abstract

Movable shade Control Algorithm (&) Optimizing Control Conditions for Cold Seasons in Tehran City

میثم اکبری پایدار; بهروز محمدکاری

Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2017

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62013

Abstract

The aim of this study is to prepare a proposed algorithm for computer simulation and determine the proper angle of dynamic exterior shades during the day. The control of the dynamic ... Read More

Study of Residents' Satisfaction based on Physical and Aesthetical Factors (Case Study: Tehran Mehr Housing Complexes)

Mohammad Sadegh Taher Toloo Del; Somaye Poorbagher; Leyla Mahdavi

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 15-21

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62044

Abstract

Evaluation of Architectural Design Expressing Models for the Enhancement of the Position of Content in Them

Razieh Labibzadeh; Mehdi Hamzenejad; Mohammad Ali Khanmohammadi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 17-31

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62062

Abstract

Effective Components of High-rise building in Promotion of Residential Culture of Shiraz Using the Gap Analysis Model

Hadi Keshmiri; Mahdi Tavakoli Kazerouni

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 17-32

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87931

Abstract

Today, providing housing as one of the most basic biological needs is of particular importance in social and economic development programs of societies. Providing housing, ... Read More Today, providing housing as one of the most basic biological needs is of particular importance in social and economic development programs of societies. Providing housing, in particular suitable housing, in terms of providing comfort and well-being of humans, plays an important role in the lives of the people of the community. Following the increasing growth of urbanization caused by population growth and rural migration, and in the context of limited land resources and the lack of horizontal growth of cities, verticle development , called "high-rise", was considered. The development of this phenomenon without proper planning and lack of attention to issues such as texture and cultural factors in the interactive interiors of the habitat leads to the appearance of behaviors from the inhabitants, which disrupts and destroys the culture of residence. In this research, with the aim of reducing the effects of highrise on the lives of residents, especially residents of Shiraz, and with regard to the local concept of culture through the increase of residential culture, first, the most important components affecting the cultureof residence are identified by using library studies method and by reviewing literature. Then, using Delphi method, snowball sampling method was used. Furthermore, in order to find out the difference between the status quo and the expected situation, a 41-question questionnaire with a sample size of 110selected experts all familiar with the habitat culture in Shiraz was used to analyzethe components , and the factors related to physical need, safety and peace, social interaction, social identity, discipline and self-flourishing were analyzed. A better understanding of this difference was evident in the dispersion gap. Finally, by providing solutions to coordinate high-ranking officials with the specific culture of the city of Shiraz, the living conditions can be improved and an environment rich in vitality and tranquility can be provided.

Adherence to History in Contemporary Interventions; (Comparison of Several European Countries and Iran in Contextual Design of Buildings and Collections)

Gholamreza Japalaghi; Asghar Mohammad Moradi; Arash Mohammad Moradi; Tahereh Jamaklou

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 19-38

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.103675

Abstract

A contextual design is sensitive when a new construction wants to add within historic district or areas contain a significant number of historic buildings. Intervention to historic ... Read More A contextual design is sensitive when a new construction wants to add within historic district or areas contain a significant number of historic buildings. Intervention to historic contexts especially addition and infill design have always been a big issue in the preservation field. For the new addition into urban historical context there are no simple rules for achieving quality of design in the new addition, although a clear and coherent relationship of all the parts of the new work to the whole, as well as to the setting into which it is introduced is essential. New work should aspire to a quality of design and execution related to its setting, which may be valued both now and in the future. In shaping the built environment it is important to have a responsibility to past, present and future generations. Therefore, Infill work or design in a historic context should be linked the past to the present and projects into the future. This neither implies nor precludes working in traditional or new ways, but demands respect for the significance of a place in its setting. In the contemporary architectural addition and designs in Iran’s historical context, it is not seen a favorable interaction between historical sites and new parts. Until about 50 years ago, these interactions were less damaged by and protected against the effects of new interventions and constructions, due to the presence of traditional architects and the continued use of some deep-rooted architectural patterns, but the damage to historical buildings and collections gradually increased over time by moving away from genuine social and physical patterns. Part of this process, due to the lack of theoretical foundations and a holistic and principal approach, has practically made our historical cities disturbed and greatly distorted their historical and architectural identity. The contextualist approach, therefore, states that historical buildings, in addition to reaching a suitable appearance for living, should reflect the delicacies of traditional Iranian architecture. This study is an applied, descriptive and analytical research that is carried out based on the case study using data collection, desktop study, and field research, referring to historical documents and performing qualitative analysis. Moreover it is intended to provide clear and objective recommendations for the restoration or rehabilitation of structures, as well as new construction on vacant parcels or additions to existing buildings within the city’s old and historic districts. While portions of it are dedicated to other topics such as repair, maintenance and fascinating architectural history. After data collection and review of the physical and visual factors involved in such interventions of historical buildings and complexes, European countries such as Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, have been examined. While visiting them, different aspects of intervention, including the used materials, the relationship between historical and modern elements from the general and partial perspectives, the joints between new and old sections, etc. have been explored. Finally, it was attempted to provide some design guidelines that would physically organize the interventions performed in historical buildings and collections. These guidelines are to encourage redevelopment that is compatible with the existing character of the city’s core as well as continue to preserve the character of the existing neighborhoods. Continued regional growth has increased developmental pressures in the city’s core. These guidelines are targeted, but can also apply to new development outside of the area. The design guidelines serve as a reference for property owners, developers, residents, and public officials responsible for reviewing development plans within the area. The criteria are meant to address the exterior appearance of buildings. The guidelines are not intended to prohibit creative approaches to individual building designs, or to promote architectural uniformity. It is the intent of this document to foster collaboration between the Context and the developer/builder early in the design process of a redevelopment project. The goals of redevelopment projects is for them to reflect an understanding of the immediate site surroundings and context character. The projects should consider existing features including massing, height, setbacks, proportions, scale, roof forms, materials, articulation, lighting, signs and awnings while creating appropriate architectural design. It is a particularly useful resource for property owners, occupants, landlords, members of the design and construction professions and anyone wishing to alter a property within an old and historic district.

Evaluation of the Way Physical Components Impact the Enhancement of Children's Creativity in Play Grounds of Urban Parks

گلرخ کوپایی; Mohammad Naghizadeh; farah habib

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 21-31

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68576

Abstract

The development of cities and uncontrolled increase in the number of vehicles have led to the inability of children to use many spaces and lands appropriate for play. This is while ... Read More

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