Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

The influence of cultural, social, and geographical contexts on the emergence of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism

Seyedeh Mahsa Bagheri; Seyed Behshid Hosseini; Mahmoud Arzhmand

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 21-39

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.336840.1903

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Religions do not develop in isolation; instead, they emerge within cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Islam and Judaism both originated ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Religions do not develop in isolation; instead, they emerge within cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Islam and Judaism both originated in regions characterized by specific cultural, social, and geographical factors. Rather than rejecting these contexts, these religions often engaged with and, over time, influenced by elements that were compatible with their respective beliefs. This adaptation was driven by the need to foster empathy with the local people and facilitate the acceptance of the new faith. Consequently, religious places gradually took shape, and formed by the existing contexts. This study carries out a comparative analysis of the impact of cultural, social, and geographical factors in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism on the development of their first religious places. It seeks to investigate the role of cultural, social, and geographical contexts in shaping the first religious places in Islam and Judaism?Methods: This research uses a qualitative, interpretive-analytical approach and utilizes a comparative methodology to investigate how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism influenced the formation of their early religious places. Data collection relies on extensive library resources. The case studies selected for examination include the Kaaba, the Medina Mosque, and the first Islamic mosques for Islam, and the Tabernacle, the Temple in Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues for Judaism. The research treats cultural, social, and geographical contexts as interpretive and comparative units. It begins by identifying these contexts in the regions of Islam and Judaism’s origins and then assesses their impact on the formation of the first religious places in these two religions. Findings: The findings of this study revolve around an analysis of how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in these regions influenced the development of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism. In the cultural context, aspects such as artistic expressions, beliefs, individual values, and convictions originating from previous or new religious influences were examined. The social context encompassed political, economic aspects, customs, collective habits, societal norms, and values, while the geographical context included the climate and the physical location of the birthplaces of these religions and their relationship with the formation of religious places. Specifically, the study evaluated how these aspects and contexts influenced the creation of the Kaaba, the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, and the first mosques in Islam, as well as the Tabernacle of the Covenant, the Temple of Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues in Judaism.. Conclusion: The results reveal that Islam and Judaism differed in terms of the extent to which each context influenced them. In the comparison of cultural contexts and aspects, including beliefs, individual values, and beliefs derived from previous or new religions, it became evident that both religions were influenced by the preexisting beliefs of the land. For instance, Islam embraced concepts such as the interaction between the present life and the afterlife, monotheism, and the rejection of polytheism, while Judaism adopted beliefs in the sanctity of stones and directions. In the comparison of social contexts and aspects, Islam prioritized collective worship and equal access to religious spaces for all members of society, as seen in the Kaaba and the Medina Mosque. Conversely, Judaism, influenced by beliefs in social hierarchies, exhibited spatial divisions and social hierarchies in accessing inner spaces, as witnessed in the Tabernacle of the Covenant and the Temple of Jerusalem.

The modeling of ideation process in architectural design instruction by semiotic approach (Case study: Residential design)

Marzieh Etemadipour; Jamaleddin Mahdinejad

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 23-35

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.190202.1243

Abstract

Extended Abstract Objective and background: One of the main problems in contemporary Iranian architecture is the loss of identity and its related factors, such as a sense of attachment ... Read More Extended Abstract Objective and background: One of the main problems in contemporary Iranian architecture is the loss of identity and its related factors, such as a sense of attachment to the place due to neglecting the semiotic aspects of architectural reading and design in instruction ideation. The design meaning and indicators are effective in creating identity, beauty, and pleasure in architectural work via giving rise to an internal perception of space. Semiotics provide the most important meaning factors and can effectively upgrade the sense of place for a better relationship between architecture and users. Using the principles of semiotics is one of the best solutions to investigate how meaning is granted to space. As the most distinct semantic factors in creating mental associations via relying on the concept of implication, symbols can effectively enhance the sense of place in relation to the audience. Thus, using semiotics from the perspective of the designer's relationship with the audience in instructing design can be a step towards granting meaning to space and creating a sense of place for the users. However, the imitation and copying of samples result in a lack of identity and social culture. Ideation is one of the most seminal and most important parts of the design instruction process. Therefore, the negligence of the meaning in the design process can also affect the ideation process because the final design is the representation and reflection of the ideas. The ideas mentioned in the literature review, including "patterns of design," 'sign," and effective factors on readability," show that previous researches have neglected the semiotic approach in ideation. Therefore, there is a need for a semiotic approach. In this study, the first research question is: "what are the effective factors in the creation of ideation process" and the second question is: "How is the relationship between the effective factors in design instruction process based on semiotics." The factors of 'human,' 'time' and 'place' that are effective on mental images should be considered when semiotic is used. This research aims to correct the design instruction process in ideation levels using semiotics by emphasizing the users' perception. Method: The qualitative and quantitative research methods, path analysis, factor analysis, and modeling have been used in this research. The quantitive research method can be defined in two phases. In the first phase, the "cross-sectional survey" is used for exploring the user community, and the correlation method is used in the second phase. The survey study method begins without any presumption. In this article, the opinions of a group of architecture students and their professors on the research subject have been collected in the form of a questionnaire, and at the end, based on this information, concepts and effective variables are identified, and factor analysis is performed. The second phase of the research begins with the assumption obtained from the survey. This study is of descriptive-analytical type in terms of the method because, because in addition to showing the facts, the reasons for the problems are also explained. Finding: According to the findings, "the research-oriented analysis" directly influences the dependent variable. Moreover, the "aesthetic aspects" that act as the intermediary variable are influenced by the "research-oriented analysis" because the aesthetic aspects differ based on the social-cultural background. Thus, it is necessary to recognize the aesthetic aspects of the context's social culture through research-oriented analysis in the instruction process. On the other hand, it influences other factors such as "ideation" and "collective reading-oriented evaluation of the signs". Another intermediary variable that influences the dependent variable based on the model is the aesthetical aspect. One of the factors influencing the reading and perception of the signs is the psychological issues. Since the reading and perception of users are the main parts of semiotics, "the collective reading-oriented evaluation of signs" also plays as another intermediary variable in the formation of the model. This could increase the audience's satisfaction since their needs are met. Also, the design idea is presented for the audience's collective evaluation, and the model forms the "research-oriented analysis" in case of dissatisfaction. That is because dissatisfaction with an idea shows inadequacy and/or imprecision in the identification of the context and the semiotic researches. Hence, the ideation is repeated until the audience's satisfaction is achieved in the evaluation stage. Conclusion: The results show that "research-oriented analysis", "aesthetic aspects", "psychologists aspects", and "collective perception-based evaluation of signs" are the effective factors in the creation of the ideation process. The proposed model is introducing a cycle that concentrates on the evaluation of user's perceptions by signs.

A regulation for minimum mandatory dimensions of balconies in residential apartments in the city of Rasht from the perspective of spatial usability

Mojtaba Pour Ahmadi; Reza Sedighi

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 23-38

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.337572.1906

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, for various reasons, a small and inadequate floor area is often allocated to private semi-open spaces in apartment housing in Iran. ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Today, for various reasons, a small and inadequate floor area is often allocated to private semi-open spaces in apartment housing in Iran. This allocation results in a significant reduction in the efficiency of these spaces. Consequently, the potential of the space to accommodate the daily presence and use by the residents is almost lost. The present study aims to specifically address this issue from the perspective of the development control system and to consider the role of building regulations in ensuring the minimum acceptable usability of these spaces.Methods: In this research, in the first step, 10 international examples of building codes related to the minimum allowable dimensions of residential balconies in some developed countries of the world including England, Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Dubai, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands are studied and an attempt is made to identify the logic of calculating these values. In the second step, a review of building codes related to the minimum dimensions and floor area of semi-open private spaces in the current development control system of Iran and specifically the city of Rasht is performed. In the following, an attempt is made to provide a definition of the “usable minimal balcony” for the city of Rasht and to calculate its required area and dimensions. In the next step, the current status of balconies design in the apartment housing in Rasht is examined. To do this, the apartment plans approved by the plans control department of the Iran Construction Engineering Organization (IRCEO) of Rasht City were used and we examined all the apartment housing plans of three floors and above, which were approved in this organization in the period of three months from January to March 2021. During this period, 340 apartment units with a total of 401 balconies were approved by the organization. In the final step, an attempt was made to make a comparison between the minimal balcony dimensions defined in the present study and the existing balconies in the statistical community.Findings: Based To define the minimal usable balcony dimensions, the specific conditions of the target community must be considered. Otherwise, the possibility of enforcing this rule will be reduced. It should be noted that currently in the city of Rasht, there are no regulations regarding the minimum dimensions of these spaces. On the other hand, the current common dimensions of balconies in the housing market of Rasht City are significantly smaller than the standards of the studied countries. This has its own economic, social, and cultural reasons and the study of these issues is outside the scope of the present study. However, it can be concluded that the required dimensions and floor area of the balcony in Rasht apartment housing should be defined as smaller than the countries studied. Based on these considerations, the required dimensions of balconies depend on the number of bedrooms, the number of people living in the residential unit, and, in some cases, the geographical orientation of the balcony in the studied countries. However, in the present study, the minimum dimensions of the balcony in all apartment units are considered a fixed value. Thus, an efficient minimal balcony is considered one that has the necessary area for the installation and proper operation of a small set of a table and chairs for two people, a barbecue, and a gas boiler. Accordingly, the standard is formulated as follows: “In every residential apartment unit, it is necessary to provide a balcony with a minimum clear width of 1.25 meters and a minimum useful floor area of 3.75 square meters.”Conclusion: Based on the findings of the survey, it can be concluded that, firstly, a small percentage of the current balconies have the required area for proper use by residents. This is due to the small and unsuitable dimensions of these balconies. To be more precise, in one-bedroom residential units, only 16%, in two-bedroom units, 11%, and in three-bedroom units and more, 25% of the balconies can accommodate a table and chairs for two people, a gas boiler, and a barbecue. This finding is in line with the findings of researchers who, based on their qualitative research, have introduced inadequate dimensions of balconies as one of the main reasons for the inefficiency of balconies in apartment housing in Iran today. Secondly, it will have a relatively better perspective for application in the Rasht development control system, if regardless of the number of bedrooms in a residential unit, the minimum standard dimensions and area for balconies is formulated as a minimal two-person balcony. Currently, the proportion of two-bedroom units with a minimal four-person balcony is only 7% of the total (compared to 11% for two-person balconies) and the proportion of three-bedroom units with a minimal six-person balcony is only 11% (compared to 25% for two-person balconies).

Performance Evaluation of the Passive Energy System (Trombe Wall and Conservatory) in Cold Climate for Energy Saving

Mahsa Ghadiri Moghadam; Vahid Vaziri; Hanieh Sanayeayan; Hojjatollah Rashid Kolvir

Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 25-36

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87945

Abstract

In the recent century, due to the reduced energy consumption and excessive use of non-renewable resources in the building sector, passive solar heating is one of the architectural ... Read More

مضامین دینی شینتو و تأثیر آن بر معماری ایزدکده های ژاپن

محمدرضا پور جعفر; لیلا مدقالچی

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2010

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2010.61921

Abstract

شهری برای همه، طرحی فراگیر در تعامل با ارگونومی (مطالعه موردی: طراحی کیوسک بلیط فروشی شرکت واحد شهر اصفهان)

وحید چوپانکاره; امیر مسعود فریدی زاد; محمدرضا فریدی زاد

Volume 2, Issue 1 , July 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61934

Abstract

پیش درآمدی بر گونه شناسی فضاهای همگانی شهری (نمونه موردی: بافت فرسوده محله ازگل)

مصطفی بهزادفر; روجا علی پور; مسعود خادمی

Volume 2, Issue 2 , October 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61943

Abstract

ارتقای فضای گردشگری دریاجه پارک جنگلی تلو (پیشنهاد طراحی بر مبنای رویکردهای سه گانه اکولوژ یکی، زیبایی شناختی و اجتماعی)

مهدی خاک زند; شیرین هلالی

Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2013

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2013.61952

Abstract

ارزیابی مؤلفه های کیفیت فضای شهری بر میزان مطلوبیت مسیرهای پیاده گردشگری (مورد پژوهی اولویت بندی مسیرهای گردشگری پیاده در شهر اصفهان)

محمود محمدی; یونس چنگلوایی

Volume 4, Issue 1 , May and June 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61960

Abstract

تحلیل تحولات فضایی کلان شهرها در ارتباط با تغییرات قیمت نفت در ایران (نمونه مورد مطالعه: کلان شهر تبریز)

رضا خیرالدین; علی اکبر تقوایی; جواد ایمانی شاملو

Volume 4, Issue 2 , January 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61972

Abstract

ارزیابی کیفیت های مؤثر بر گردشگری شهری در خیابان شریعتی کرمان

محمود قلعه نویی; مریم بهرامی

Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2015

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2015.61980

Abstract

بررسی و مطالعه معماری و شهرسازی آوه در دورة ایلخانیان

آرش لشکری; اکبر شریفی نیا; سمیه مهاجروطن

Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2015

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2015.61989

Abstract

تأثیر ارسی ها بر جریان هوا در فضای داخلی مطالعه موردی: خانه زینت الملک شیراز

علی عطروش; ریما فیاض

Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2016

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2016.61996

Abstract

بررسی شاخص های تعیین کننده مفهوم شادی در طراحی پاتوق های شهری محدوده مورد مطالعه: منطقه یک شهر اردبیل

وحید وزیری; نادر حاجلو; علی رضایی شریف; صدف کرامتی

Volume 6, Issue 2 , January 2016

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2016.62005

Abstract

Investigation of influential parameters on improvement of social interaction in open and semi open areas of residential complexes (a case study: zone 22 of Tehran municipality)

مهدی خاک زند; آلاله بقالیان

Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2017

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62014

Abstract

Social interactions are among necessary components of models which are defined based on human kind needs; lack of appropriate focusing on this issue and neglecting its psychological ... Read More

Comparative Comparison of Historical-based and Social-based Background of Urban Housing Spatial Pattern (Case Study: Ardebil City)

Hamid Reza Azemati; Vadood Rostami; Somaye Poorbagher

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 23-32

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62045

Abstract

Airflow and Radiation Impact on Moderating Heat Conditions in the Bushehr Houses (Case Study: Golshan House)

Niloofar Nikghadam

Volume 7, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 29-46

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62028

Abstract

Analysis and Reproduction of Shades of Blue Color in the Tile Works of Shiite Mosques During the Safavid Period (Case Studies: Aligholi Agha, Jame Mosque of Isfahan, Sheikh Lotfollah, Imam and Lonban Mosques)

Mohammadreza Bemanian; Ali Arabalizadeh Mahabadi; Milad Olfat

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 33-47

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62063

Abstract

Restudying the Iranian (Islamic) City Analyzing the Institutions of Urban Governmentality in Iranian Cities and Their Influences on Urban Space During Qajar and Safavid Era

Hossein Maroufi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 33-45

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68578

Abstract

Analyzing the spatial features of Islamic-Iranian cities has been a dominant mode in studies related to urban history in Iran. The research investigates the socio-political structure ... Read More

Redefining the Binary Oppositions of Gendered Urban Space Based on Semeiotics Approach -An Analysis to the Public Space of Traditional Neighborhood

Maryam Mohammadi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 33-51

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87932

Abstract

Urban public spaces, as an inclusive realm, are the spacefor the presence of all users. Despite this, several groups like women due to physical and social factors, are marginalized ... Read More Urban public spaces, as an inclusive realm, are the spacefor the presence of all users. Despite this, several groups like women due to physical and social factors, are marginalized in this space. Therefore, this article intends to explore the issue of gendered space and define the different aspects of these spaces in the neighborhood scale.The hypothesis of this research has its root in the existence of a meaningful relation between structural and non-structural aspects of urban space and gendered space, which differs within various cultures. Analyzing the theories of gendered space shows that these kinds of spaces are made as the results of gendered activity and representation of space function. And these two criteria lead to the gendered space occupation, gendered time occupation, and gendered function-behavior occupation. In this article structural semiotics and post-structural semiotics were used to examine the different aspects of gendered space. A traditional neighborhood in Tehran –Imamzadeh Ali Akbar in Chizar neighborhood- was chosen as the case study of this research in order to investigate the representation of space and gender relation. Through semiotic method, the signifiers, the signified, and different codes were extracted through analyzing the analyze unit – which was the narrations of 30 women of the neighborhood space. The results of the analysis shows that the space within the house and its private territory is a secure feminine space, and the outside space is a masculine space. In other words, physical codes, besides functional codes (gendered activity) are in direct relation to the socio-cultural codes (representation of space function) and create nonappropriated spaces for women. Therefore, the markedness of space indicates various territories for presence and activity of women and men in urban spaces. This means that women’s attitude towards their identity (from an individual, family, and social aspect) is due to the gendered space, and the dominated ideology and myth-making of a Traditional Woman.

Changes of Lifestyle and Physical Patterns of Houses and their Reciprocal Influences (Case Study: Maragheh City)

Seyyed Abbas Yazdanfar; Zohreh Naserdoost

Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 37-60

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.90968

Abstract

house is an environment for the formation of social activities to satisfy a part of physical and mental requirements. By observing the contemporary design construction industry, it ... Read More

A meta-study of research related to urban and regional spatial structures in Iran; from 2001 to 2019

Neda Malekzadeh; Hashem Dadashpoor; Mojtaba Rafieian

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 37-57

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.165634.1158

Abstract

Extended Abstract Objective and background: In recent decades, the study of spatial planning in general and “spatial structure” in particular has taken a special position ... Read More Extended Abstract Objective and background: In recent decades, the study of spatial planning in general and “spatial structure” in particular has taken a special position in international references. The review of related theoretical texts published in recent decades shows great changes in this area. Most of the research has reviewed and scrutinized the spatial structure in the theoretical literature and international empirical research (Parr, 2013; Meijers, 2005; Davoodi, 2003; Guillain et al., 2006; Cao, 2016; Gebhardt, 2016; Goletz, 2016). In national references, new concepts and foundations have been explored in the field of spatial structure in particular and spatial planning in general. On the one hand, the diversity and variety of research conducted in this field in national references, the contradictory results obtained from some of the research, and the lack of a single finding may imply the uselessness of the conducted research and the waste of time and money. On the other hand, the results confuse some scientific societies and theorists, policymakers, planners, and decision-makers. Therefore, a meta-study approach is used to remove such conditions in research methods and their revision process. By using a meta-study, the present study aims to review the national research in the field of spatial structure to identify and examine theoretical and scientific gaps and address the strengths of research. Finally, by combining and summarizing the studies on spatial structure, the theoretical frameworks of reviewed studies are explained. Method: The present research is a developmental-applied study in terms of objective and includes quantitative and qualitative aspects in terms of type and nature of data. According to the characteristics of the research topic, this study is descriptive-analytical research carried out using a meta-study research method. Finding: The content analysis of the reviewed studies showed that in these studies, four approaches had been applied to analyze the spatial structure. They include hierarchical, systemic, relational-synergistic, and contextual approaches. There are also three perspectives on “spatial structure”. The origin of these perspectives is rooted in the areas addressed in the theoretical foundations of studies. In studies on topics such as “monocentric, polycentric and scattered patterns”, the perspective on “spatial structure patterns” was applied to analyze the spatial structure. In studies on topics such as “centralized, decentralized, scattered, compact, random, sprawl, fragmented and leapfrog patterns”, the perspective on “spatial structure development patterns” was applied. Those articles focusing on topics such as “linear, island, cluster, symmetrical, correlated, radial, sector, complex, porous patterns” have analyzed the spatial structure using the perspective on “form patterns of spatial structure.” Moreover, the analysis of studies showed that the confusion of topics and concepts has taken place in the field of spatial structure. In many studies, the concepts of spatial growth patterns and spatial form patterns have been used instead of spatial structure patterns, indicating a misunderstanding of key concepts in the field of spatial structure. The analysis of studies also showed that various factors and driving forces- internal factors including “backgrounds and contexts, economic, demographic, social dimensions and infrastructure” and external factors and drivers of development including “government policies and decisions- spatial planning policies, globalization - global processes and economic rivalries”- influence the formation and change of the spatial structure of cities and regions. Conclusion: In the general review, it can be stated that the study of the spatial structure has become an important issue in Iran only in the last two decades. About 80% of these studies have been conducted in less than a decade, indicating the emergence of this concept in the spatial planning system of Iran. On the other hand, 87% of the studies have an applied-developmental nature, and only 13% have addressed basic concepts, indicating the poor scientific development of this concept in applied-developmental studies. Among the effects of this shortcoming, one can mention the low-quality and inadequacy of the theoretical foundations presented in the studies, which was observed in 42% of the reviewed studies, according to the present study results. Only 34% of the studies were evaluated well in terms of theoretical foundations. Some significant weaknesses identified in the qualitative evaluation of studies include less use of up-to-date and reliable references, the lack of proper coherence between the objectives and research questions and theoretical foundations, and improper use of theoretical concepts and foundations. There is also a particular weakness in focusing on the approaches. There is a lack of knowledge in the reviewed studies, and most of them have expressed related approaches and theories without having any theoretical knowledge. On the other hand, more than 65% of the studies have relied on a morphological approach rather than land use, functional, and combined approaches. Therefore, in future research, it is required to pay more attention to the development of theoretical and approach concepts, structures, and frameworks and analytical approaches to the spatial structure to fix existing gaps. Also, in the analysis of geographical distribution, it was found that most of the studies focused on Tehran metropolitan area and Tehran metropolis and other geographical areas have been less studied, indicating a weak balance in exploring the different geographical areas of Iran. Of the four spatial scales, 54% of studies were performed at urban and metropolitan scales, and researchers have less considered other spatial scales.

The Importance and Application of "Urban Emotions" in Urban Design and Planning

Esmat Paikan; MohammadReza Pourjafar

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 39-60

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.103676

Abstract

How citizens perceive and understand their surrounding environment depends on several dynamic and static contextual factors. Such a subjective and context-based understanding can create ... Read More How citizens perceive and understand their surrounding environment depends on several dynamic and static contextual factors. Such a subjective and context-based understanding can create different emotions and feelings in people, which has created a new and adjunct approach toward studying spatial and temporal structure of the city. Investigating the relationship between built environment as a physical dimension and behavioral and emotional aspects of human has received much attention in recent studies, especially in urban planning and design studies, and has become an urgent issue in recent years. The purpose of theoretical, empirical, and applied researches in this field is generally enhancing the quality of life in city through studying a new layer that focuses on emotional-behavioral aspects of individuals. This emotional-subjective attitude toward space and its impact on the individual’s behavior in space has become important and has been utilized in recent years under the title of “urban emotions” approach, as an interdisciplinary field. Therefore, the present study aimed to introduce the approach and research area of “urban emotions” and sought to examine the importance and application of this layer in the field of urban development as well as studying vacancies in this area, and providing suggestions for future studies. Thus, this was done by referring to library resources and reviewing more than 50 published studies consisting of basic theories on the subject, theories of intellectuals in the field of urban development, and recent projects and researches generally related to the last five years, through descriptive-analytic method and using library resources. The results showed that the studies in this area can be divided into two categories of theories and basic studies and new studies initiated by Christine Nold (2009). The basic view mostly focuses on effective environmental factors in a qualitative and highly general way based on traditional methods of emotion measurement, and is mostly focused on environmental psychology and landscape design areas, which has less influenced the area of urban design and urban development. But in recent years, the emergence of new methods of measuring emotions in the field of medical sciences, psychology, and computer sciences has provided the possibility of more precise studies in the field of environmental design. New researches (in the last 5 years) in terms of frequency include four domains: 1) focused on emotion measurement; 2) new methods of emotion measurement; 3) investigating the factors affecting emotion in the environment; and 4) applications of emotion. However, these studies mostly focus on emotion measurement in urban environments and emotion measurement methods, and few studies have also examined the factors affecting emotion in the environment and its application in the field of urban development as a pilot. Therefore, based on ongoing studies in the field of emotion monitoring methods, it has become possible to review and study the theories which are more basic, more applied, and exclusive in the field of urban environment. Also, review of basic theories and recent studies in the field of urban emotions showed the importance of the issue in the field of urban development. Despite the importance and application of this interdisciplinary field in urban studies, the scientific potentials of this new approach in all diverse aspects of urban use and analysis have not yet been explored which requires more precise and extensive evaluation in urban sciences. According to the conducted studies and its adaptation to different areas of urban study, the most important areas of application of this new layer can be: 1) mental health area, 2) happy city and pleasant urban spaces area, 3) Attachment to place area, and 4) area of collaborative urban planning and smart city. Also, evaluation and measurement of the built environment, evaluation of the psychological effects of a plan before its implementation, and providing new citizen-centered designing and planning opportunities are among the benefits of applying the subject in the field of urban development. Overall, the results showed that in recent years, the area of “urban emotions” has opened up a new meta-human approach to analysis and examination of dynamic interactions in time, space, and perception and emotions of human, especially in urban planning and designing processes. “Urban emotions” has proposed a human-centered approach as a mediator between research fields such as geo-informatics, computer science, computational linguistics, sensor technology, citizenship sciences, and spatial planning. The main purpose was to produce a layer of new information that visualizes the measured spatial emotions. This visualization allows for concluding about humans behavior in urban environments and creates a new citizen-centered perspective in designing and planning process. Over the past few decades, new advances have made the use of new methods and technologies possible. However, scientific potential of this process has not been fully exploited, and the possibility of using it for innovative analysis and simulation needs to be widely evaluated in urban sciences. These new data and information layers can provide new insights into the development of intrinsically complex and dynamic physical and social structures of urban environments. It can be used in the field of urban development and can be generalized and used in other related areas such as public health, traffic management, security, tourism, and more.

Measuring the psychological restoration of visitors in urban parks regarding their spatial configuration; Case study: Eram Park in Hamedan

Pooria Saadativaghar; Esmaeil Zarghami

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 39-58

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.352419.1953

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The psychological restoration is considered one of the important psychological variables among those who refer to urban parks. In Iran, this ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The psychological restoration is considered one of the important psychological variables among those who refer to urban parks. In Iran, this category has received less attention. Besides, the level of psychological restoration of visitors in different natural environments is not the same. In this research, the rate of psychological restoration in various areas of urban parks are compared and a valid, and indigenous tool to measure the rate of psychological restoration was introduced (Restoration Scale Localized Questionnaire: Rs) in these environments.Methods: The strategy of this research was logical reasoning, and its tactic to evaluate the spatial configuration of urban parks was the Space Syntax method. In the space configuration analysis section, using the Space Syntax method, the parameters of connectivity, integration, depth, control, line length, entropy and intelligibility of the entire park bed (and especially in selected points) were analyzed. Moreover, in the section of measuring the mental state of citizens referring to urban parks, standardized and localized RS (restoration scale: The main output of the present research is also the introduction of this localized standard questionnaire in Persian language), and finally using statistical analysis to express the relationship between the spatial classification and psychological restoration of citizens (In fact, the park consists of two main geometric and organic parts, and in a number of points of both parts, the state of configuration variables and psychological restoration of citizens using a localized questionnaire was calculated and investigated).Findings: The results of this research showed that the parameters of connectivity, integration, entropy, control, line length and intelligibility in geometric part are more favorable than organic part, but the depth of organic part is more than geometric part. The results of the mean comparison test also showed that the variables of depth and intelligibility have significant differences between the two geometric textures, but no significant difference was observed between the other parameters of the spatial configuration in the two textures. In addition, the results of the mean comparison test show that the depth of the geometric texture is lower than the depth of the organic range, but the intelligibility of the geometric texture is higher than the organic texture. Also, the analysis of relationship between spatial configuration and restoration due to the coefficient of determination showed that 46.8% of the changes in (psychological) restoration variable are related to spatial configuration variables and the restoration changes are mostly related to depth, control and entropy variables. The results of investigating the effect of spatial configuration variables on each dimension of mental (psychological) restoration also showed that 38.9 percent of the changes in the emotional dimension are related to spatial configuration variables, and this relationship is generally significant, more detailed analyzes of this parameter prove it that the relationship between intelligibility and line length variables was not significant and these variables did not have the ability to predict the restoration variable and the restoration changes are mostly related to connectivity, depth, control and entropy variables. Also, 38.3% of cognitive dimension changes are related to spatial configuration variables, and this relationship is significant. More detailed analysis of this parameter also revealed that the relationship between connectivity, control, intelligibility and line length variables was not significant and these variables could not predict the restoration variable, and the restoration changes are mostly related to the depth and entropy variables. In addition, 43.5 percent of the changes in the behavioral dimension are related to spatial configuration variables, and this relationship is significant, more detailed analyzes of this parameter also show that the relationship between connectivity, control, intelligibility and line length variables was not significant and these variables could not predict the restoration variable, and the restoration changes are mostly related to the depth and entropy variables.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research (and supplementary studies), the design of parks with secluded and uncrowded spaces, and minimal disorder in the layout (in terms of spatial aspects), which minimize visual (and motor) control and permeability, is recommended for the improvement of the spatial configuration of city parks. This is proposed to enhance the mental health of park visitors. This suggestion is directed towards researchers, decision-makers, and urban planners and designers in urban design and landscape.

Evaluation and analysis of the use of media capacities and its impact on city branding; Case study: The creative gastronomy city of Rasht

Aliakbar Salaripour; Mitra Roshan; Alieh Faridi Foshtomi; Hamid Reza Yoosefi Matak

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 41-58

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2021.283183.1691

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Creative urban development not only contributes to social improvement, but also fosters economic development and citizen welfare. Urban branding ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Creative urban development not only contributes to social improvement, but also fosters economic development and citizen welfare. Urban branding is a tool to promote cultural and social values, catalyze economic development, and facilitate competition among cities for investment, tourism, and global events. In this increasingly competitive environment, urban branding helps to attract visitors, capital, and residents, various economic benefits, social cohesion, and added value to cities as a whole. By emphasizing a city’s identity and local culture, branding ultimately improves the quality of life for its inhabitants. The Internet and communication technologies has ushered in a new era in the global economy, with media serving as an effective tool for marketing and advertising, significantly elevating a destination’s reputation and brand. Nowadays, the media’s critical task is to create ideas and mental images of facts. Tourism and its brand heavily rely on the relationships between stakeholders, and establishing, maintaining, and developing relationships is the key to success.Gilan province, with many gastronomic capacities, successfully designated Rasht as its Gastronomy Creative City in 2015. While Rasht has held this title as Iran’s sole gastronomy creative city for the past five years, the city image as the center of the country’s gastronomic culture has remained under-promoted both nationally and internationally. This article seeks to evaluate the capacity of various media channels, encompassing both mass and social media, in the context of city branding. Urban management institutions have the opportunity to leverage these media platforms to introduce and promote the brand of Rasht as a creative gastronomic city, thereby accelerating the city’s economic development. This research aims to evaluate and analyze how effectively the creative city of Rasht has used media capacity at the national and international levels to raise awareness about itself and introduce the creative city of Rasht.Methods: This study uses a descriptive approach to address research questions and is applied in terms of its objectives. Data was collected through surveys and document analysis. A questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was employed to measure the media’s capacity to promote Rasht as a creative gastronomy city. The questionnaire comprises four sections (criteria): branding, social media, mass media, and media information quality (formation of destination image). The research population encompasses all residents, citizens of Rasht, and tourists who have visited the city at least once. A total of 395 online questionnaires were distributed and completed among Rasht’s residents, citizens, and tourists. The online questionnaire featured conditional questions to segment respondents based on their residence or travel status. SPSS software was used for quantitative analysis, and to verify the questionnaire’s reliability and internal validity, Cronbach’s alpha value was calculated, yielding a score of 0.914. Subsequently, Smart PLS3 software was employed to model and analyze the findings. Findings: The Friedman test was used, to rank and identify the essential criteria.. A significance level below 0.05 in the Friedman test affirms its validity and confirms the ranking of criteria impacting branding. Results reveal that the branding criterion, with an average score of 3.45, claims the top position, followed by media information quality, social media, and mass media with average scores of 2.62, 2.30, and 1.63, respectively. Then, using Smart PLS3 software, the findings were modeled and analyzed. The results highlight that “social media,” with a path coefficient of 0.361, emerges as the most influential factor in branding Rasht as a creative city. Within the social media sector, “endorsement by celebrities and social media influencers” brings in a factor of 0.784, signifying its substantial impact on Rasht’s branding. While the impact of mass media on branding Rasht is less promoted, it is essential to recognize that this criterion still holds potential for branding and promoting the city, provided that effective strategies and activities are implemented. Conclusion: City branding can only be achieved through the proper use of media and effective advertising. This study distinguishes between social and mass media. Broadcasting is the most important visual and audio mass media, but now social media has a more prominent role and capacity than traditional mass media in city branding. According to citizens and tourists, endorsements by celebrities play a pivotal role in shaping Rasht’s image on social media platforms. In today’s era, also known as the digital age, Internet communications play a significant role in people’s lives, so special attention to the Internet, advertising, and urban management investments in various social media can be a practical step in branding the Rasht city.

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2011)

Volume 1 (2010)

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