Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Measuring satisfaction Mehr housing residents of the residential environment quality (Case study: Koohdasht Mehr Housing)

محمدحسن یزدانی; لیلا گراوند; اصغر پاشازاده

Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2017

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62023

Abstract

One of the key factors in estimating the success of housing is degree of the inhabitant’s satisfaction. The final program governmental housing for the people with low income was ... Read More

Narrative-driven Dynamics of Residential Environment; Determination of Time in the Process of Change of Residents' Narration

Hadi Pendar

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 147-163

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62054

Abstract

A Comparative Study between Cinema and Architecture with the Approach of Teaching Architecture Via Film

Amir Sarabi; Salahoddin Molanaee

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 157-172

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62072

Abstract

The Assessment of Kolb's Learning Theory in Architectural Education from Islamic View

Abdolhamid Noghrekar; Sahel dezhpasand

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 175-192

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68587

Abstract

One of the most important issues in architectural education, is the learning process and attention to individual differences in this field. In architectural education, the architects ... Read More One of the most important issues in architectural education, is the learning process and attention to individual differences in this field. In architectural education, the architects utalize other disciplines, including education and training sciences to optimally critique their own work during assessments and evaluations. This is considered as one of the important requirements for improving design quality and the lack of it will lead to a gap between research and professional environments. However, education in a social system based on Islamic tenets, must be different from others. Islam recognizes the importance and necessity of utilizing the benefits of the science and knowledge of other lands; but in order to correctly apply these achievements in any area such as architecture, it is necessary to harmonize their components with native values and religious concepts. Combining different scientific, philosophical and religious methods can help to better explain phenomena such as learning that has different aspects. One of the noticible theories in the field of education is Kolb's learning theory, which is referred to in the field learning sciences and more accepted among researchers. This theory examines the different ways that people receive and process information. This research has been conducted with aim to review and evaluate Kolb's learning theory based on Islamic principles and values in architectural education, and to also answer the question of whether Kolb's learning theory is close to Islamic theoretical foundations in learning and teaching architecture or not? For this purpose, a comparative study has been done between this theory and the relevant Islamic structure, which has the capability of being used in all human processes (Such as learning, teaching and creating works of art, architecture and urbanism). Given the interdisciplinary nature of architecture, a combination of research methods are used in this article including logical reasoning and analytical-commentary methods based on two sources: reason and quote. The findings indicate that Kolb's learning model is based on experience and individual differences in learning, which from an Islamic view has been confirmed and emphasis on. But due to its interdisciplinary nature, in order to utilize this in a correct and Islamic education of architecture, additional topics have been suggested. This model corresponds with parts of the Islamic model, but has weaknesses in anthropological topics. Also, this model can't evaluate concepts such as Intuition and Inspiration, which are related to higher levels of learning in human beings. Achieving these levels leads to the establishment of wisdom and recognition of its necessity in the higher education system of the country.

The Study of Foreign Tourists' Views about Iranian Handicrafts' Packaging Qualities (Case Study: Isfahan Handicrafts)

Sousan Samanifar; Reza Afhami; Seyed Moslem Hashemi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 185-194

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87941

Abstract

Handicraft selling is an inseparable part of the tourism industry and is considered an invisible part of exports, showing the tangible cultural features of the country to tourists. ... Read More

A theoretical framework for determining the optimal threshold of change, continuity and constancy of collective memory in the historical center of Tehran

Mostafa Hosseini Koumleh; Mehran Alalhesabi; Seyed Abdolhadi Daneshpour

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 187-209

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2022.300209.1759

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Change of values, intellectual customs, lifestyles and human relationship with the universe and nature, distortion of long-standing physical, ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Change of values, intellectual customs, lifestyles and human relationship with the universe and nature, distortion of long-standing physical, socio-cultural cohesion are among the challenges of contemporary Iranian cities that have led to forgetting collective memories and changing the concept of the city. The research problem begins with the general concept of “collective memory” in Iranian cities. In order to observe the indigenous originality of the research, the research has been defined based on a “problem- oriented” research with a comparative evaluation of existing challenges of collective memory in Iranian cities and identifying the concept of “change” as the key issue of collective memory in Iranian cities. Therefore, while delimiting the scope of the study, the aim of the research is to study change, continuity and constancy of the concept of city and collective memory and determine its optimal threshold in Tehran historical center as a symbol of change in Iranian cities.Methods: The research uses a qualitative method and a phenomenological strategy (descriptive phenomenology). In this article, while reviewing the literature of collective memory, change, continuity and constancy, a theoretical framework for phenomenological study has been developed and accordingly, an in-depth semi-structured interview with 41 residents of the historical center of Tehran (people born in different decades and among various social groups) has been conducted. Findings: The results of this research encompass not only the categorization of collective memories (home and neighborhood memories such as the culture of acquaintance and neighborhood, courtyard, children’s games in the alley, socio-cultural memories such as the nicknames of people, storytelling, ritual of Pahlavani and peaceful coexistence of religions, religious memories including home prayers, Muharrams and Mid-Sha’ban celebrations, national-political memories such as the coup of August 19, 1953, the Islamic Revolution and the Imposed War, natural memories like the organic relationship of human with nature at home and neighborhood, water supply system and Qanats, and harmony with nature through summer migration to Shemiran and urban memories such as new streets building in Reza Shah reign and the construction of modern urban buildings and facilities such as Plasco Building and electric buses), but also include the theoretical formulation of the concepts of “change”, “continuity” and “constancy” in the historical center of Tehran. In order to explain and analyze the concept of “change” in the historical center of Tehran, the theory of “continuous change” has been proposed, which introduces a kind of repetitive and continuous patterns of radical change in the city. According to this theory, the historical center of Tehran in the contemporary period, after encountering modernity, faces four syndromes including “continuous change syndrome”, “syndrome of leaving the paternal neighborhood”, “Empty Nest Syndrome” and “continuous forgetfulness syndrome”. Also, the analysis of the concept of continuity shows that the “continuity of the identity structure” of the historical center of Tehran in some physical dimension (through the presence of historical buildings and architectural traditions), functional dimension (continuity of religious sites, the continuity of residence in some neighborhoods and functional continuance of Tehran Bazaar) and meaning-memory dimension (continuity of local character of some places and neighborhoods) are relatively still established. However, in terms of ecological structure, this continuity has been distorted over time and therefore needs to be revived by restoring the role of wooded yards in creating a balance between private and public green spaces. Persistence of some historical buildings and urban spaces (such as Golestan Palace, 30th Tir Street), some religious rituals, historical bazaars and some natural elements (such as the continuous shadow of Alborz and the old plane tree of Imamzadeh Yahya) also indicate the constancy of physical, behavioral, subjective and natural anchors of memory in the historical center of Tehran.Conclusion: Based on the theoretical framework of the research, it can be concluded that the optimal threshold of change, continuity and constancy in the historical center of Tehran is achieved when the “continuous change” of the area stops. This should be reached by continuing the identity structure through dominance of restoration culture over culture of demolition and new construction, preserving the character of the historical center, original lifestyles and permanent dwelling, which entails “stopping leaving the paternal neighborhood” and “returning to empty nests”. Also, the anchors of memory should be stabilized by preserving or finding physical clues (historical buildings), social clues (social context) and cultural clues (stories, proverbs and the sweet language of Tehran), which in turn leads to cessation of “continuous forgetfulness” and preservation of collective memory.

The effect of physical and activity factors on creating sensory qualities in urban pedestrian ways (Case study: Kermanshah Taq-e Botan pedestrian way)

Baharak Babri Dehmajnoni; Mohammadmahdi Moghadasi; Omid Dezhdar

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 191-205

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2021.203896.1296

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and determine the criteria and indicators affecting the creation of sensory qualities in human-centered ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and determine the criteria and indicators affecting the creation of sensory qualities in human-centered urban spaces and the reproduction of these factors in contemporary urban spaces. This study is conducted in “Taq-e Bostan” pedestrian way, located in the historical fabric of Kermanshah, as a case study. This sidewalk has been one of the most important pedestrian ways of the city and manifests Kermanshah identity. This pedestrian way has unique environmental features such as straightness, with no slopes, and a view to the mountainous heights of Taq-e Bostan. It benefits from good thermal comfort conditions due to the existence of the vegetations. In addition, the historical monuments of Taq-e Bostan have given identity to this pedestrian way. Since machine life has caused anonymity and reduced the sensory qualities in urban spaces, this urban space is abandoned and empty of people. Therefore, the present study pursues the main purpose of the research and specifically seeks to recognize the impact of physical and activity factors on creating sensory qualities in this pedestrian way and the promotion of this urban space. Also, this research is based on the research aim and context and tries to understand and analyze the relationship between physical and functional factors and develop and enhance the sensory qualities in such environments. Methods: The present study is an applied research, and it is considered a descriptive survey research in terms of research method. Therefore, the theoretical foundations have been explained by referring to documentary and bibliographic studies in a descriptive method. The research objectives have been achieved based on survey studies and survey methods. In order to conduct the research in line with the research goals, the indicators related to the environmental quality of urban public spaces were extracted by reviewing the theories of researchers. Regarding the early hypothesis that considered some features of Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way compatible with the extracted indicators, the case study was chosen to evaluate the research hypothesis. In the next step, a questionnaire was provided to evaluate the extracted indicators. Each indicator was asked in the questionnaire and assessed through the five-point Likert scale. For validating the questions based on the sampling volume by Morgan table method and based on observing the number of users in one hour of a day in a particular part of space, a number of 220 questionnaires were completed to be analyzed in SPSS software. The statistical community was comprised of random age and gender groups of the space users. Finally, the relevant data was analyzed, and the main factors and the sample scores in each of the physical and activity criteria were achieved by inferential statistics analysis in SPSS software. Findings: In this research, the independent variables of the research that can create and improve sensory qualities in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way in Kermanshah were determined to achieve the research objectives. These variables are as follows: activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility), physical criteria (environmental desirability and suitability, structure, environmental facilities. The findings of this study indicate that there is a direct and significant relationship between all independent research variables (activity criteria, physical criteria (structure, desirability and environmental suitability, and environmental facilities). The highest correlation was seen between activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility). The sensory qualities of space in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way in Kermanshah is mostly affected by the activity criteria. In the second stage, the correlation of physical criteria (environmental facilities and facilities) indicates a close relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. The lowest level of correlation is observed in the other criteria (desirability and environmental friendliness). In order to measure the collective effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, a multiple regression was used. The results indicate that independent variables simultaneously affect the development of sensory qualities. The multiple correlation coefficient of R = 0.798 and the coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.746 show that 74.6% of the changes of the dependent variable are interpreted by the independent variables. Conclusion: In this study, the independent variables that develop and promote the sensory qualities in Kermanshah Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way (the dependent variable) were analyzed. Based on the results obtained from the analysis by SPSS software, a direct and significant relationship was recognized between all the criteria of the physical and functional variables and the development and improvement of sensory qualities in Taq-e Bostan pedestrian way. However, the obtained analytical results indicate the importance of activity criteria (environmental vitality and mobility) in achieving research objectives. It seems that sociable spaces with people’s presence and activity have a higher potential to become pedestrian-centered urban spaces. Therefore, planners and urban designers should consider this issue in defining space areas in the city. Finally, providing appropriate facilities for humans will lead to a higher presence of people and ultimately improve the sensory qualities in urban areas.

Conceptual Analysis of Neighborhood Territory based on Residents’ Perception using Geographic Information System (GIS) (Case study: Mashhad Neighborhoods)

Amidoleslam Saghatoleslami

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 193-209

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.99030

Abstract

Currently, neighborhoods play an important role in local plans and programs in cities and have an important status in urban development. Urban neighborhoods are referred to as the key ... Read More Currently, neighborhoods play an important role in local plans and programs in cities and have an important status in urban development. Urban neighborhoods are referred to as the key to urban development, public participation, and giving identity to urban environments. On the other hand, in Iranian urbanization also neighborhood has a very long history and it has been one of the main elements in the structure of Iranian cities. One important issue in relation to neighborhood concept is the proper definition of the territory of neighborhoods. Many of the plans and programs provided for development, improvement, and enhancement of neighborhoods are somehow linked to the territory of neighborhoods and their definition. Meanwhile, the first step is to correctly define the dimensions and boundaries of neighborhoods and the role of neighborhood residents. In this regard, despite studies carried out in western countries and the development of methods to assess and analyze perceptions of residents of the territory, there have been very few studies in the country. The present study aims to firstly determine the extent of collectiveness of residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods’ territory and secondly examine and analyze how the eight variables (derived from individual differences among neighborhood residents) affect residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory. The considered variables are gender, age, education, job, duration of residence, type of ownership, mode of residence (native, non-native), and having neighborhood relations. First, the theoretical foundations associated with the study are reviewed and then the methods used to define neighborhood territory are introduced using residents’ opinions. The research method is quantitative and survey along with statistical analysis and spatial information analysis. For this purpose, 600 combined questionnaires along with annex map were distributed in 6 neighborhoods of Mashhad according to the neighborhoods determined in Detailed Plan of the city of Mashhad (including neighborhoods of Sarshur, Sa’ad Abad, Samzghand, Touraj, Shahrbani Town and neighborhood 9 of Qasim Abad). Sampling method was multistage cluster sampling. The information analysis process was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, descriptive information of residents’ perception of the neighborhood was analyzed and in the second stage, the information obtained from cognitive maps of residents from the territory of the neighborhood was analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The study results show that the majority of respondents try to define their place of residence in the framework of a neighborhood territory. Regarding the variables of neighborhood name and location of the neighborhood center, in most neighborhoods, there is disagreement among the residents. Meanwhile, local centers and neighborhood mosques play an important role in residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory. Analysis of the information regarding the neighborhood’s perceived territory shows that in all neighborhoods, the average perceived territory area of the neighborhood is lower than the contracted neighborhood area in the Detailed Plan. Overlap rates in the studied neighborhoods were reported as ranging between 10 to 70 percent among residents. The results of examining common points in neighborhood borders show that in most neighborhoods the boundaries of the contracted neighborhood territory in the Detailed Plan in four geographical directions are different from the neighborhood borders perceived by the residents. Also, in the respondents’ answers, the location of the common area territory in each of the neighborhoods is mostly based on the activity centers within the neighborhoods. Results of Kruskal-Wallis statistical test show that residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods’ territories in different urban contexts are different from the contracted neighborhoods defined in urban development plans. Also, the average perceived territory areas in different urban contexts are significantly different from each other. To examine the variables of individual differences of residents and how they affect the residents’ perceptions, the mean area index of residents’ perceptions of the neighborhood territory was used. Mann-Whitney statistical test was used to analyze the three variables of gender, type of ownership, and type of residence; and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the five variables of education, age, duration of residence, type of occupation, and the number of neighborhood relations. The results show that males and owners of residential units significantly perceive the neighborhood territory larger than the other groups, and residents who are housewives and students, compared to other groups of occupations, significantly perceive the neighborhood territory smaller than the other groups of employees. Regarding the variables of age, duration of residence, level of education, and the amount of neighborhood relations, there were no significant differences in residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory. The present study provides recommendations on application of residents’ perceptions in the process of defining neighborhoods’ territories and determining variables in this regard. Also, it is recommended to use new tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS) and its analytical tools in the process of determining neighborhoods’ territories.

Re-Interpreting the levels of enclosure in the labyrinth of historical houses in Kashan (Ameri house) based on the rhizomatic epistemology of Gilles Deleuze

Hosna Varmaghani

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 199-213

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.337858.1907

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Enclosure serves as a fundamental principle in shaping spatial identities, defining the unique character of a place. In Iranian architecture, mass is not just a physical element but also a concept that molds and encapsulates space, embodying the notion of enclosure. The term “rhizome” is a biological term, as a metaphor, contains concepts such as labyrinth, multiplicity, connection, difference and intermediate position. In this way, the elements that create confinement, as well as the elements of multiple space and rhizomic labyrinth, are identified in the literature review, and then, in order to obtain the different qualities of the classification of the enclosed space in a quasi-rhizomatic structure, the aspects of the relationship between these two categories have been deduced. The purpose of this article is to investigate the methods of achieving a variety of enclosed areas in the spatial organization of Kashan historical houses and to reinterpret the degrees of their enclosure. Key questions include how elements of rhizomatic epistemology can inform the reinterpretation of enclosure levels within Kashan’s historical houses and which physical and spatial approaches have contributed to classifying their enclosure structures.”?Methods: “The research employed a descriptive, analytical, and logical reasoning approach. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, with Depthmap and Agraph software utilized for data analysis. First, the definitions of spatial enclosure in the field of architecture and rhizome theory in the field of philosophy were studied. In this way, the factors of creating enclosure and characteristics of thinking and rhizomic space were extracted. Then, multiple rhizomic spatial indices were categorized in four sections and similar and overlapping indices were placed in one category. These four categories were analyzed through space analysis software (Depthmap-Agraph) in architectural configuration. As the largest historical house of Kashan with many introverted areas, Ameriha House was chosen as a case study and in the way of reinterpreting the enclosure according to the labyrinth structure of this house, compatible components in rhizomatic epistemological foundations have been used , aligning with its unique architectural style.Findings: In order to analyze and interpret the enclosure based on the aforementioned theory and considering the spatial nature of the rhizomial logic and also the existence of categories such as connection, connection, difference and continuity, the indicators of the space syntax theory were used to analyze the study sample of the historical houses of Kashan. In this order, it is argued that the indicators of space difference, space traffic and isovist, connection and number of space and interlinking in the theory of space syntax in connection with the indicators mentioned in the rhizome theory can be used in the reinterpretation of the degrees of enclosure of the labyrinth structure of the historical houses of Kashan. To be more precise, the sub-categories of space dissimilarity/heterogeneity/difference with the help of space difference index, the sub-categories of spatial diversity/unsimilar continuity with the help of spatial traffic index and isovist, the sub-category of abundance of areas/connections with the help of two syntactic indicators of connection and the number of spaces and the sub-category of the set of coherent links and Multicore can be analyzed and measured with the help of integration index. The simulation of the movement in the spatial arrangement of Ameri House shows that the character of fluidity, continuous changes and new orientations has been expressed by creating frequent thresholds and establishing intermediate and in-between areas. The crucial principle of rhizomatic space lies in its establishment amidst and between elements. The physical manifestation of these characteristics becomes evident through the simulation of movement and vision within the layout of the Ameri House. Also, dissimilarity in the level, shape, number of connections, type of spaces and flexibility of configuration leads to the logic of difference in rhizome theory. The physical/spatial approaches mentioned in the rhizomatic and integrated relationship with each other enrich the levels of enclosure in the spatial structure of the Ameri House in Kashan.Conclusion: The results of the research show that multiple physical/spatial approaches in accordance with the body of the rhizome space include de-territorialization and re-territorialization, fluidity, flexibility, difference and heterogeneity, multiplicity of spaces and paths and being in the middle and in-between have been effective in creating enclosure as well as diversity and multiple degrees of enclosure. The rhizome approach of multitude and multiplicity of spaces and paths in the three domains of border, threshold and territory has led to the difference and diversity of the extent and manner of spatial enclosure. In such a way that the inside/outside boundaries (entrances), the spaces between the yards (thresholds) and the area, the shape and various openings of the 9 yards (realms) have provided very different states of visual and physical access limits. Spatialization and arenaization of the house in Kashan has formed a set of coherent and multi-core links through reterritorialization and decentralization of arenas. In the sense that many courtyards with different numbers of connections to the peripheral areas of the territories have led to decentralization and formation of multiple cores, and the expansion of these areas in many directions has led to fold logic, divergent and horizontal thinking.

تحلیل آماری تأثیر رنگ سالن امتحانات بر مؤلفه های روانشناختی دانشجویان

فرهنگ مظفر; فاطمه مهدیزاده; مونا بیسادی

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2010

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2010.61931

Abstract

اصول سامانه های سرمایش ایستا در عناصر معماری سنتی ایران

رزا وکیلی نژاد; فاطمه مهدیزاده سراج; سید مجید مفیدی شمیرانی

Volume 4, Issue 1 , May and June 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61970

Abstract

Semiotics desert architecture with an emphasis on the elements of architecture and urbanism (Case in Aghda)

جمال الدین سهیلی; فهیمه قراخانی

Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2017

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62024

Abstract

Nowadays, attention to signs in city has become one of the main concerns of theorists. Using semiotics as a tool to analyze and evaluate metaphor and implicit and explicit implications ... Read More

Analysis of Attachment to Place Among Children (Case Study: Shiraz Ghasredasht Neighborhood)

Mostafa Azadi; Maliheh Taghi Poor; Sedigheh Nasibi

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 165-179

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62055

Abstract

Measuring Resident Satisfaction in Mehr Housing Projects with Emphasis on Objective Aspects (Case Study: Mehr Housing Project in Qom City)

Elham Zabetian; Alireza Sadeghi; Samaneh Hosseinabadi

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 173-184

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62073

Abstract

Semiotic Matching of Architectural Pattern of Karim Khan Citadel with the Themes Underlying Zandiyeh Tribal Culture

Taban Ghanbari; hossein soltanzadeh; Mohammad Reza Nasirsalami

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 193-209

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68588

Abstract

Using semiotics as a tool for analyzing and interpreting explicit and implied implications present in the phenomena as a system of socio-cultural signs, the current research intends ... Read More

The Roots and Principles of Post-structuralism in Urban Planning

Samineh Ansari; Parvin Partovi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 195-216

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87942

Abstract

Urban planning of the 20th century is replete with theories and techniques that are associated with ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions of positivism; in fact, ... Read More

The effects of urban spaces smartification on citizens’ perception of forming behaviore settings (Case study: Hafthoz square, Tehran)

Kiana Hashemi; Rama Ghalambordezfooly

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 207-219

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.179583.1208

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Many different scholars have stated the importance of behavior settings in urban design and planning, such as Jacobs, Lynch, Zuker, etc. ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Many different scholars have stated the importance of behavior settings in urban design and planning, such as Jacobs, Lynch, Zuker, etc. As one of the most important components of city construction, behavior settings can greatly affect cities’ residential and biological quality. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that social relations convert a place or environment to a behavior setting. Moreover, other smart cities shall be seen as a system in which there are many newfound opportunities for proposing digital systems, smart reactions, and optimization in different levels of integration. A smart city uses information and communication technology for city vitality and sustainability, but how is this goal manifested in urban design and behavior settings? Promoting social interactions in behavior settings in urban space is one of the discussed subjects in the field of urban design, which has been more emphasized recently. Regarding the advent of smart cities, the question is whether city smartification can affect the promotion of urban space quality in various fields or not. Therefore, generalizing the question, the study objective seeks to investigate the relationship of urban space smartification with constructive components of human behavior. Behavior settings are considered places out of individual boundaries or small groups almost everywhere and every time rather than being related to private and intimate space (Kashani Jo, 2010). Behavior settings in the past had a pivotal role in the life of individuals, families, neighborhoods, and cities. Many public, collective, and group activities took place in behavior settings. Therefore, a part of social activities, spending leisure time, and exchanging information and experiences used to be conducted through face-to-face contacts (Soltanzadeh, 2006). These behavior settings underlie the formation of memories. The internal activities define the behavior settings, and such activities and relationships among human beings cause mental images and urban memory (Fadaeinejad, 2006). Behavior settings belong to citizens. They are not limited to the physical aspect, and in fact, it gets meaning by the presence of humans and their activities. In other words, behavior settings are defined according to their time and place, and activities occur in regular order in their organized human and physical components (Scott, 2005). Additionally, the urban smartification process in the world includes creating new cities or making the existing ones smart. The first step in this process might be an agreement on a comprehensive definition and its general and detailed features from the smart city (Fazli, Modiri, and Farhoodi, 2018, 24). There have been many attempts to investigate the relationship between technology and urban space during the past century to design a pleasant urban environment (Phi II I ps, 2000). To summarize the theoretical principles, it is said that effective behavior patterns on the formation of behavior settings can be affected by the components of urban spaces, which have been smartified. In this study, global experiences of smartification of urban spaces such as Dubai, Amsterdam, Singapore, and Toronto were investigated. Using smart equipment in the fountains, kiosks, benches, public transportation stations, sidewalk flooring, lighting fixtures of these samples, the performance of such components has been changed. Smartification can be categorized into four general categories of smart urban equipment, smart buildings, smart urban furniture, and smart facade. The main idea of this study is that as the result of smartifying these components in urban paces, users’ reactions and behavior patterns will change, and such changes will be effective in the formation of behavior settings. Each one of these changed components (made smart) can be regarded as the manifestations of the smart environment in urban space. Each one can separately or simultaneously affect the components of behavior settings, obtained by summarizing theoretical principles, namely overt emotional behavior, problem-solving, major motion activity, the interaction among people and changing the things, and finally create behavior settings. Methods: This study uses a descriptive-analytical method, and it is considered an applied research. In terms of the data analysis method, this study is also considered a quantitative study. Questionnaires with face validity were used to collect data. Cronbach’s alpha was also used to obtain its reliability value. In the second step, referring to the subject literature and the ideas of scholars, the authors tried to extract and fix the effective factors. The measurements range between “very much and continue as high, average, low, and without effect” in the questionnaire. The effect of each factor has been investigated. Findings: The results of statistical tests indicate a correlation between the effective factors of forming behavior setting and the smartification variables in urban space. The statistical analysis of the collected data from the questionnaires showed that all the four investigated groups in urban space, including urban furniture, facade, buildings, and urban equipment, can positively and consistently affect behavior settings in the studied case after being smartified. The result of the Friedman test also indicated some points on the effectiveness of each existing component in the studied urban spaces on the formation of behavior settings in the users’ mind. Conclusion: Statistical analysis of the data collected through the questionnaire showed that all four groups of elements in urban space (including urban furniture, facades, buildings, and urban equipment) could have a significant relationship with the formation of behavioral settings under the influence of smartification. The results showed that smart furniture and facades have the most effects on the formation of behavior settings.

Effect of Gas Types in Double and Triple Pane Windows on Cooling and Heating Loads in Office Buildings in Hot-Humid, hot-dry and Cold Climates in Iran

Jalil Shaeri; Roza Vakilinezhad; Mahmood Yaghoubi

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 211-225

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.103683

Abstract

In the last decades, increasing world population and carbon dioxide emission, have led to the increasing importance of energy conservation, especially in the building industry. In Iran, ... Read More In the last decades, increasing world population and carbon dioxide emission, have led to the increasing importance of energy conservation, especially in the building industry. In Iran, almost 40 percent of energy is used in the buildings, where the main part of it is wasted through windows. Hence, reducing the amount of heat transfer and insulating the windows is essential. In recent years, glass technology has offered various alternatives for building energy conservation, including window insulation, transparent covering films and integrated dynamic shadings. Multi- pane windows with various glass layers are one of the solutions to control solar heat, sunlight transmission and noise through windows. They are used in combination with shading devices, especially in office buildings. Studies have shown that using multi-pane windows, heat transfer and building energy consumption decrease depending on the different climates and building thermal properties. However, the impact of different types of filling gases and the optimal window type on building energy consumption in different climates has not been studied. In the present study, the effect of double- and triple-glazed windows containing different gases on the cooling and heating loads of a sample office building are investigated. Altering window layers, its thermal properties will change, including heat transfer coefficient, visible transfer rate, the amount of direct sunlight transmission and solar heat transfer coefficient. The Air, Argon, Krypton, Xenon gases and the mixture of them are used for the gap filling between two or three layers of clear glass. The case studies are Bushehr and Bandar Abbas cities with hot-humid climate, Mashhad and Tabriz cities with cold climate and Shiraz, Yazd, Isfahan and Tehran cities with hot-dry climate. In each city, eleven alternatives have been simulated for a typical office building by changing window type and the intermediate gas. The simulations were performed using Design Builder software version 5.02.003 to calculate annual cooling and heating loads for the sample building. Windows in the base model are simple windows with clear glass of three millimeters thickness. According to ASHRIE standard, the heating and cooling set points of 22 °C and 24 °C are considered in the simulations. Comparing total building energy consumption with different types of windows and gases, the proper alternatives are defined. In order to validate the results, DOE-2 simulation software has been used. The building energy consumption in Bushehr City has been examined for the eleven alternatives. Since the difference between two groups of the results is 4 percent, all the results are valid. Based on the results, applying double- and triple-pane windows leads to reduced cooling and heating loads of the sample office building in all studied cities. In Bushehr City, using triple pane windows will result in 12.7 percent reduction in the building cooling load while it would be 10.8 percent by applying double-pane windows. The reduction in building cooling load would be 27.5, 25.6 and 17.3 percent in Tabriz, Mashhad and Shiraz cities if triple-pane windows were used. Using double-pane windows, the cooling load reduction would be 14.6 to 17.3 percent in cities with hot-dry climates and 11.9 percent in Bandar Abbas City. According to the total building energy consumption, the triple-pane window filled with air and Xenon gas is the most appropriate window type in all cases. Using such a type of windows will lead to 14.5, 13.5, 34.2 and 38.2 percent reduction in building energy consumption in Bushehr, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz and Mashhad, respectively. So in cities with hot-dry climate, the application of triple-pane windows filled with air and Xenon gas would reduce the building energy consumption by the average of 22.8 percent. Unlike triple-pane windows, the appropriate alternative among double-pane windows is different in each city. In Bushehr City, double-pane window filled with air and argon gas has the most building load reduction. It is also one of the best choices in Mashhad, Shiraz, Yazd, Isfahan and Tehran cities, however the building energy consumption is best reduced using other alternatives filled with argon or krypton gases. By applying such double-pane windows, the amounts of energy reduction in each city equal to 24.7, 15, 15, 17.8 and 16.3 percent for Mashhad, Shiraz, Yazd, Isfahan and Tehran cities, respectively. In Bandar Abbas and Tabriz cities, the most proper windows are those filled with krypton and xenon with 10.8 and 23.3 percent energy reduction. The results of the present study help designers to select the best double- and triple-glazed windows for office buildings in each city.

Form finding and construction of 2d and 3d adaptive free-form scissor-like structure

Yaser Shahbazi; Hanieh Kouchaki

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 211-224

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.278337.1671

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the design, construction, and control of adaptive free-form shading structures that can react to changes ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the design, construction, and control of adaptive free-form shading structures that can react to changes in light levels. The focus is on developing a transformable scissor-like structure capable of changing geometry to achieve controlled forms. The key objective is to create an adaptive shading device for a specific courtyard, considering factors such as human interaction, relaxation, and optimal shading conditions.Methods: The study employed a parametric design approach, utilizing digital tools such as Rhino software and Grasshopper plugin. The design process involved identifying influential environmental factors, defining control objectives, and simulating daylight receiving conditions using the Ladybug plugin. Different forms with varying support points were proposed and evaluated based on aesthetics, shading levels, and site constraints. In this method, the desired free-form surface is initially drawn. Then, the Iso-curves of the surface are extracted along the horizontal and vertical directions to obtain a mesh network of the surface. This mesh network is transformed into a three-dimensional spatial mesh structure, and finally, all the lines of this network are converted into scissor-like modules. It is worth noting that besides using horizontal and vertical Iso-curves, it is also possible to extract inclined, triangular, pentagonal, and multi-sided networks from the free-form surface. Through this approach, various double-layer networks with diverse multi-sided modules can be transformed into scissor-like structures. In the next step, special connections, including rod connections within each scissor-like unit and connections between neighboring units, were designed and labeled for laser cut wood. Control connections were introduced to enable deformation within the fixed span of the structure. The modified scissor-like element model by Akgun was utilized, allowing individual substructures to change independently. Arduino, a microcomputer chip, has gained considerable interest in architecture because of its user-friendly nature and its ability to work seamlessly with a range of sensors and controllers. It facilitates the creation of smart devices by taking input from sensors and switches and producing diverse responses, like modifying light levels, adjusting motor speeds, and controlling other outputs. Arduino can function autonomously or be linked to a computer, and it can be programmed using software such as Arduino’s own IDE or the Grasshopper plugin in Rhino. In terms of controllers, there are various options available, including pneumatic jacks, shape-changing smart materials like shape memory alloys, piezoelectric elements, and electromechanical motors. Servo motors, in particular, are commonly used controllers, especially in small-scale model-making, as they can create rotational motion based on the input voltage received from microcontrollers. Findings: Through simulations and analysis, it was found that among the alternatives mentioned in this article, a three-support-point canopy offered the most favorable inactive option, delivering the desired shading conditions for more hours throughout the year. This finding validated the effectiveness of the proposed design approach and highlighted the potential for achieving passive shading without relying heavily on active control. The laboratory-scale prototype demonstrated the feasibility of the adaptive shading model. Sixteen servo motors were connected to eight corrective units, allowing for changes in the angle between rods and structural deformation. Light sensors, Arduino kits, and a closed-loop control system facilitated the processing of sensor data and commanded the servo motors. The prototype successfully achieved controlled structural deformation in response to the presence or absence of sunlight.Conclusion: The study presented a comprehensive framework for the design, simulation, and construction of adaptive and controllable free-form scissor-like structures. The research showcased the potential of digital architecture and embedded systems in creating dynamic and responsive solutions. By combining sensors, central processing units, and controllers, the suggested design for a shading system allowed for the adjustment of its shape in response to environmental conditions, particularly the movement of sunlight. The findings underscored the significance of considering both passive and active design strategies. While passive geometry and form optimization played a crucial role in achieving desired shading, active control mechanisms provided flexibility and adaptability to changing conditions. The study emphasized the importance of carefully selecting the form, placement of corrective modules, and incorporating various sensors to enhance the capabilities of such structures. In conclusion, this research contributes to the growing field of digital architecture by providing insights into the design and implementation of adaptive shading device. The proposed framework and the laboratory-scale prototype demonstrate the potential for creating adaptive and responsive architectural solutions that seamlessly integrate with their surrounding environment. Future research can explore additional sensors, materials, and control strategies to further enhance the adaptability and functionality of such structures in diverse architectural contexts.

An analysis on promoting the public acceptability of earth architecture in Yazd city

Amirreza Sadeghian; Roxana Abdollahi; Ali Akbari; ,Mehrdad Javidinejad

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 215-232

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.400964.2048

Abstract

Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: “Earth architecture” is one of the construction techniques in architecture with a rich history dating back to several thousand ... Read More Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: “Earth architecture” is one of the construction techniques in architecture with a rich history dating back to several thousand years, whose traces are visible in the architecture of different nations of the world, including Iran. Earth architecture is one of the sub-branches of vernacular architecture, which has a rich set of originalities and native-historical capacities in different parts of the world. Due to the extensive availability of soil; it has played a significant role in time and history by reflecting many originalities of vernacular and traditional architecture. Regions like the historical city of Yazd, characterized by desert climates, have historically been ideal environments for the development of earth architecture. Despite its longstanding heritage, contemporary attention to the various capacities and innovations of earth architecture has been lacking, with challenges and sensitivities in the field now garnering increased attention. Based on this, despite the background and existing rich capacities; The trend of widespread use and acceptability of Earth architecture in the contemporary period has been accompanied by a noticeable decline because of the growth of technology in competing industrial materials and cultural changes in construction. Public acceptability is a comprehensive and relevant matter and its application can provide the level of public acceptability. As such, the aim of this research is to identify bottlenecks and strategies to enhance the public acceptability of earth architecture in Yazd. By utilizing the public acceptability index and emphasizing the historical context of the city, the study seeks to promote the revitalization and improvement of earth architecture in the region.Methods: The historical city of Yazd, with its desert climate, has historically provided an ideal environment for the development of earth architecture. Despite its rich heritage, contemporary attention to the diverse capacities and innovations of earth architecture has been lacking, leading to increased scrutiny of the challenges and sensitivities within the field.Findings: The research findings reveal that Earth architecture, like other architectural techniques and styles, possesses its own set of advantages, disadvantages, challenges, obstacles, and drivers. Through content analysis of research literature and consultations with local experts, these factors have been identified and categorized. In addition, categorization and prioritization of the challenges, obstacles and drivers of earth architecture in the research literature and experts of Yazd shows the similarities and differences that indicate the “locality” of the public acceptability of earth architecture. From a comparative point of view, regarding the challenges in the scale of world literature, “technical challenges” have been the most important issue. In the same scale and in the obstacles section, “policy-based obstacles” had more points, and in the driver’s section, “technical and architectural drivers” were emphasized more. On the other hand, public acceptance of earth architecture”; “less university programs and courses” and two categories including “innovation and technology” and “standard development and control criteria” are respectively “priority challenges”, “priority obstacles” and “priority drivers” of Yazd city.Conclusion: The category of public acceptability of earth architecture has a set of interconnected elements that bring together different issues such as advantages and limitations, and the triple bottlenecks of challenges, obstacles, and drivers. Accordingly, recognizing and prioritizing the covering variables for each of these multiple elements in order to improve and promote the public acceptability of this construction method and to promote the public acceptability of earth-based materials is very important in this field. This prioritization serves as a valuable tool for identifying collective actions within specific physical contexts, facilitating the implementation of architectural policies. Moreover, this new policy framework places greater emphasis on public acceptance, thereby fostering increased attention and support for earth architecture in Yazd city. Such a focused approach can effectively promote public acceptance in a practical and targeted manner.

«مدل سازی»؛ روشی مفید برای پژوهش های میان رشته ای (نمونه موردی: امکان سنجی بهره گیری از آموزه های «اندیشۀ اسلامی» در «آموزش معماری»)

عبدالحمید نقره کار; فرهنگ مظفر; سلمان نقره کار

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2010

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2010.61932

Abstract

Comparative Study of efficiency of user interfaces of computers in older Users

احمد ندایی فرد

Volume 7, Issue 1 , January 2017

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2017.62025

Abstract

Considering the Common Language of Architecture and Poem in 7th - 9th Centuries A.H in Iran (Azari Architecture and Iraqi Poem Style)

Abolfazl Karbalayi Hosseini Ghiyasvand; Simon Ivaziyan; Somaye Shekari

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 181-195

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62056

Abstract

Measuring the Impact of Vegetation on Pedestrians Thermal Comfort Conditions

Sina Karamirad; Mohammad Aliabadi; َAmin Habibi; Roza Vakilinejad

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 185-196

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62074

Abstract

Investigation and evaluation of architectural patterns in reducing the symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients

Mahdieh Tanhayi Ahari; Mohammad Ghomeishi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 221-236

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2021.158491.1148

Abstract

ExtendedAbstract Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease is a mental and physical illness related to environmental conditions. The environmental factors are effective ... Read More ExtendedAbstract Background and Objectives: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) disease is a mental and physical illness related to environmental conditions. The environmental factors are effective in the development or prevention of the disease. MS is a complex disease featuring a vast spectrum of signs adversely influencing the patients’ abilities to perform daily routine activities. The problems of MS patients include physical and psychological aspects. Due to the high rates of the disease, the special condition of MS patients, and the lack of specific rehabilitation centers for patients, it is important to pay attention to proper environmental design to improve their mental health. The purpose of this research is to design a rehabilitation center that is appropriate to the mental and emotional conditions of MS patients. Designing a space for MS patients by considering environmental and architectural factors and the proper use of these factors can reduce symptoms (stress, fatigue, depression, and motor disorder). However, the problem currently lies in the idea that no study has attended to the role and the importance of environmental factors parallel to reducing MS symptoms. The environments designed for these patients do not feature a single difference from those designed for the others, healthy or sick. No environment has been designed proportionate to the psychological and physical status and situation of these patients. Methods:In the present study, a descriptive method was employed in the first stage, and the information was collected via reviewing the credible articles and books on relevant subjects. Considering the fact that many psychologists and psychiatrists deal with MS patients whose psychological conditions have worsened following the development of multiple sclerosis and the subsequent physical and movement disorders, qualitative methods are used in the following sections. Psychiatrists and psychologists working with MS patients’ treatment and healthcare centers and MS Patients Association and Rehabilitation Centers have been interviewd, and the information obtained from the content analysis has been used to identify their problems and needs. In line with this, 30 psychiatrists and psychologists were randomly selected from various centers as the study sample to be interviewed. After investigating the interviews using content analysis, the common points of the literature review and psychologists’ ideas were collected. In the present study, the effective environmental factors, including sunlight, color, music, gathering spaces, open spaces and nature, fitting spaces, sport, hydrotherapy, and rehabilitation facilities, were investigated. The importance of the points underlined by the psychologists was also verified. Findings: Sports therapy is a treatment specific to MS patients, and, besides improving MS patients’ physical situation, it can improve their psychological and mental health. Therefore, it is better to design a compound and consider spaces for playing sports and walking to improve the physical and psychological health of MS patients. Hydrotherapy, as a nonmedicinal treatment method, can increase the flexibility of the muscles and bones, thereby mitigating the muscular spasms and enhancing the vigor and stamina of an individual, and reduce their pain. The sunlight has a positive effect on the psyche and mind of the patients when their declined bodies crave comfort. Moreover, the appropriate use of natural light during the day better helps energy productivity. So, the proper design of the windows (dimensions, forms, and orientations) can provide the highest rate of sunlight gain. Considering the positive effects that color has on humans’ lives, the proper and pertinent use of colors and their correct application can cause positive effects on the psychological status of the patients. Considering the psychological and physical problems of MS patients and their need for conversation and confabulation for soothing their pains, the architects and designers should consider spaces for their gathering and social interaction inside and outside the healthcare and treatment centers of MS patients. According to the materials above and considering the problems of MS patients, including stress, depression, fatigue, imbalance, and movement disorders, the architects and designers must consider their security and tranquility via the proper design of green spaces or open spaces for MS patients. Since the Iranian garden is more prominent than the other patterns for its transparency and legibility, it can be utilized to provide tranquilizing effects, reduce stress, and enhance satisfaction in MS patients. Music therapy should be considered in treatment programs to facilitate the messaging process in the nervous system of these individuals, which can slacken the disease progress. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, the design of outdoor space and the use of nature and green space inside and outside the complex, the access to natural light and the design of a suitable space for walking and sports, and the use of rehabilitation facilities and appropriate geometry in the design of space, avoiding complexity, and the use of appropriate color are effective in reducing the stress, depression, and exhaustion in MS patients. Considering the importance of environmental factors influencing the general reduction of MS symptoms, light and color were found less important. However, creating open spaces, using natural elements, fitting the space, and providing gathering space are the most effective factors in reducing the general MS symptoms in patients.

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2011)

Volume 1 (2010)

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