Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D Candidate in Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Art, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Tehran, Iran.

2 Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering ,Architecture and Art, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Tehran, Iran.

3 Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering ,Architecture and Art, Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch), Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Extended Abstract
Light, as the most pervasive natural element, plays an important role in an individual’s experience of space. The important place of this phenomenon in various sciences, religions, philosophies, and, above all, its role in perceiving the visual, and environmental effects of architectural spaces is significant. The presence of light and aesthetic perception of space in magnificent Iranian architectural spaces reflect the knowledge and skills of their architects in the use of light. In fact, the wise use of light is one of the significant characteristics of Iranian historical architectural spaces. In addition to providing lighting, in traditional Persian architecture, the use of daylight has met the climatic, physical, psychological, and aesthetic needs. In this regard, Iranian architects have been successful in creative use of light in interior spaces. Various combinations of light entrances confirm this claim. The present study attempts to examine the qualitative and quantitative role of light in a certain type of Safavid architecture, i.e.  Rasteh and Charsooq of the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar of Isfahan by scrutinizing the relationship of light and its origins with its functional purposes. The Grand Bazaar is an example of a certain type of architecture that stimulates human senses through its spatial arrangement and architectural components. It is comprised of massive arches that provoke the imagination by a sequence of lights and shadows in curved hallways, and create a kind of expectation in people dragging them to the bazaar intersection rich in light entered from the dome aperture.
The present study aims at investigating the quantity and quality of daylight, and different functions of light in apertures according to the behavior and use of daylight in a public-commercial space where using different types of apertures is limited due to the specific functions. Part of this study is performed using a descriptive-analytical method and another part is conducted through software analysis in which natural light is simulated in specific dates and at given times throughout a year. Therefore, the quantitative indicators of daylight are assessed using Honeybee and Ladybug plugins, and Radiance engine. Proper lighting quality means a state in which efficiency, legibility, and optimal energy consumption are enhanced and the space attractiveness and youthfulness, as well as residents’ wellbeing is improved.
First, to achieve a constant pattern to simulate the changes of daylight in a building, the software was programmed for two specific days of the year when the sun is at its highest and lowest altitudes; i.e. June 21 and December 21. To analyze the pattern of changes in daylight, simulations are performed at three times of the day, including 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 3 p.m.
Evaluation of daylight can be studied in two types of static and dynamic characteristics. Since the quantity and quality of daylight vary at each moment, there are limitations for static evaluations, and today, the dynamic simulation is more widely used by users. Therefore, the Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI100-2000)unit, which is one of the dynamic indicators, was considered a good option. This indicator shows how long the natural light in the building is useful during occupancy hours (between 100 and 2000 lux).
Results show that there is a specific pattern for using and keeping the daylight in space. The combination of walls and ceiling apertures helps to provide suitable lighting during the working hours in Rasteh of the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar in Isfahan throughout the year and during all seasons. As a result, the share of daylight intervals throughout the year are almost constant, and no significant difference is observed in the share of daylight received with the change in season. Also, the amount of daylight received in more than 70% of Rasteh area during 50% of the working hours is between 100 and 2000 lux, indicating a good level of natural lighting in space.
The Grand Bazaar is one of the places where the concept of time is perceived. Lighting analyses show that the rhythm and the angle of sunrays along the paths is the most important factor for guiding people who are not visually connected to the outside to understand the time and space direction. Despite the limitations that the Grand Bazaar and its specific functions face in applying various types of light apertures, the results of this study show that the designers have considered the light quantity and quality of bazaar since the early stages of design and they have purposefully and practically designed and programmed the use of natural light in the Grand (Qeysarriyeh) Bazaar. The ideas used in this building can be modernized and architects can use them in designing public spaces.

Keywords

Amini badr, fedra; Mokhtabad amrei, mostafa; Majedi, hamid & Sattari sarbangholi, Hassan. (2017). An analytical approach to the presence of light in Safavid’s architecture with the theosophical view. Unpublished doctoral thesis. Wits Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Andersen, marilyne & Ashmore J, Beltran L, et al. (2012). Approved Method: IES Spatial Daylight. New York, N.Y., IES - Illuminating Engineering Society.
Arjmandi, H. Tahir, M. Shabani, M. Che-ani, A. Abdullah, N. & Usman, I. (2010). Application of transparency to increase Day-Lighting level of interior spaces of dwellings in Tehran - a lesson from the past. Retrieved from: www.researchgate.net
Ciampi, Giovanni. Rosata, Antonio. Scorpio, Michelangelo. Sibilio, Sergio. (2015). Daylighting contribution for energy saving in a historical building. 6th international building physics conference IBPC2015. 1257-1262.
Evans, Benjamin H. (2000). Daylight in architecture. Translated by Shahrampour Dehimi and Houri Adl Tabatabai. Tehran, Pirooz Publications. (Original work published 1981).
Gorji Mahlabani, Yousef & Mofrad Boushehri, Aliasghar. (2017). The analysis of daylight factor and illumination in Iranian traditional architecture, case Studies: Qajar era houses, Qazvin, Iran. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development. 10(18), 35-45. Tehran, Iran.
Hoomani Rad, Marzieh & Tahabaz, Mansoureh. (2013). Assessment of daylight role in creating spiritual mood in contemporary mosques. Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, Special issue of 1st lighting design conference selected articles. 7, 11-23.
Hosseini Nejati, Seyed Ehsan & Tavakoli, Hooman. (2015). The role of natural lighting in Islamic architecture (a case study of traditional bazaars). International Conference on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Infrastructure. Tabriz.
Hosseini, Seyed Morteza; Mohammadi, Masi; Rosemann, Alexander & Schröderc, Torsten. (2018). Quantitative investigation through climate-based daylight metrics of visual comfort due to colorful glass and orosi windows in Iranian architecture. Journal of Daylighting. 5(2). 21-33. doi: 10.15627/jd.2018.5.
Kazemzadeh, Marzieh & Tahabaz, Mansoureh. (2013). Measurement and analyzing daylight condition in traditional Kerman houses. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urban Planning. 18 (2), 17-26.
Lobell, John. (1979). Between silence and light, spirit in the architecture of Louis Kahn. Boston, Shambhala.
 Mahvash, Maryam. (2014), The qualitative presence of light in historical Persian architecture. Tehran, Cultural Research Bureau.
Mardaljevic, john; Andersen, marilyne; Roy, Nicolas & Christoffersen, jens. (2011). Daylighting metrics for residential buildings. Retrieved from www.researchgate.net/publication/313432573.
Meiss, Pierre von. (2005). Architectural elements from face to place. (Translated by Farzin Fardanesh). Tehran, Shahid Beheshti Publications. (Original work published 1990).
Miri, magid & Kompani Saeed, Mohsen. (2013). Assessing Daylight Access Requirements in Iranian National Building Code (Case Study in Qazvin), Armanshahr Architecture & Urban Development, Journal of Architecture, Urban Design & Urban Planning, Special Issue of the 1st Iran Lighting Design Conference Selected Articles. 109-121.
Miri, Majid & Company Saeed, Mohsen. (2014). A new method for achieving daylight in working spaces by finding the efficient type and size of windows, shading systems and depth of rooms. Armanshahr architecture & urban development. 8 (Special issue of 1st lighting design conference selected articles). 73-89.
Nabavi, faezeh. Ahmadi, yahyaa. Goh, al tee. (2012). Daylight and Opening in Traditional Houses in Yazd, Iran. 28th Conference, Opportunities, Limits & Needs Towards an environmentally responsible architecture. Lima, Perú.
Nabavi, faezeh. Ahmadi, yahyaa. Goh, al tee. (2013). Daylight Design Strategies: A Lesson from Iranian Traditional Houses. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Rome: MCSER Publishing.
Nabil, A. & J. Mardaljevic. (2005). Useful daylight illuminate: A new paradigm for assessing, daylight in buildings. Lighting Research and Technology. 37(1).
 Najdjavadipour, Shahrzad. (2011). Using the concept and architectural components of a Bazaar as a means of creating architectural spaces that stimulate and awaken the senses. Unpublished master’s thesis. Wits University, Auckland, New Zealand.
Nekoui, Saeedeh; Tahabaz, Mansoureh & Akhtarkavan, Mehdi. (2014). Climatic Architecture of Traditional bazaar a fieldwork of Isfahan Caesarea Bazaar. International Congress on Sustainability in Architecture and Urbanism. Masdar, UAE.
Nemat Gorgani, Umm Al-Banin. (2002). History of light in architecture and lighting fixture in Islamic art of Iran. Athar Journal. 24 (35). 316- 323.
Portela, Caesar. (2009). Light as an architectural form. (Translated by Jinet Rostami). Architecture and Culture, (35), 72-73.
Reinhart, Christoph F; Mardaljevic, John & Rogers, Zack. (2006). Dynamic daylight performance metrics for sustainable building design. Leukos. 3 (1), 7–31.
Reinhart, Christoph F. (2014). Daylighting Handbook 1, Fundamentals, Designing with the Sun. Building Technology Press.
Seyed Mehdi, Afsaneh & Ziyamnesh, Neda. (2013). A study on the design of Iranian traditional bazaars (case study: Qeysarie Bazaar of Isfahan). The first national conference on geography, urban planning and sustainable development. Tehran
Shafaghi, Sirus. (2000). Principles of Isfahan Safavid Urban Planning. Isfahan Culture. 15, 51-35.
Shahabinejad, Ali & Aminzadeh, Behnaz. (2012). The landscape of maydan-e naghshe jahan main entrance: values and issues. Journal of Fine Arts - Architecture and Urban Planning. 17 (1), 27- 38.
Shirani, Zahra; Partovi, Parvin & Behzadfar, Mostafa. (2017). Spatial resilience In traditional bazaars; case study: Esfahan Qeisariye Bazaar. bagh nazar magazine, 14 (52). 49-58.
Tahabaz, Mansoureh; Jalilian, Shahrbanoo; Mousavi, Fatemeh and Kazemzadeh, Marzieh. (2014). Natural lighting in traditional houses of Kashan Case study: Ameri House. Journal of Iranian Architecture Studies. (4), 87-108.
Tahabaz, Mansoureh; Jalilian, Shahrbanoo; Mousavi, Fatemeh and Kazemzadeh, Marzieh. (2015) Effects of Architectural Design on Daylight Fantasy in Iranian Traditional Houses. Architecture and Urban Planning of Armanshahr. 8 (15), 71-81.
Tahbaz, Mansoureh; Djalilian, Shahrbanoo; Mousavi, Fatemeh & Kazemzadeh, Marzieh. (2015). The effect of architectural details on daylight distribution inside a room. CISBAT International Conference.  Lausanne.
Tahbaz, Mansoureh & Moosavi, Fatemeh. (2009). Daylighting Methods in Iranian Traditional rchitecture (Green Lighting). CISBAT 2009 Proceedings, Lausanne. 273-278.
Tourani, Ahmad Reza; Mofidi Shemirani, Seyed Majid and Tahabaz, Mansoureh. (2017). Evaluating the impact of the atrium inclination angel on visual comfort of students by the effectiveness of daylight in educational buildings of Tehran (a field study and simulation). Journal of Research and Urban Planning, 8 (31), 249- 266.
Tsikaloudaki, Katerina; Cocen, Öget Nevin; Tasopoulou, Kyriaki & Milonas, Ioannis. (2013). Daylighting in historic bathhouses: the case of ottoman hamams. METU JFA. 30 (1), 45-55.
Zia Tavana, Mohammad Hassan, (2001),Lar QeysarieBazaar, Tehran: nashreney.