Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Recreating the field as a public space can be of particular importance.social, cultural, etc. Provides access. Hypothesis and research questions can be leading this issue that has been ... Read More

Comparative Comparison of Historical-based and Social-based Background of Urban Housing Spatial Pattern (Case Study: Ardebil City)

Marjan Piroliya; Jamaloddin Soheyli

Volume 8, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 33-48

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62046

Abstract

Improving the Efficiency of Electricity-Generating Building Envelopes Using a Hybrid System of Flat Concentrator & Photovoltaic Panels (FCPV) in South Facade

Alireza Farhangi Khanghah; Yousef Gorji Mahlabani; S. Majid Mofidi Shemirani; Hossein Medi

Volume 9, Issue 1 , September 2018, , Pages 47-61

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.68579

Abstract

The capacity of buildings to use solar radiance to supply their energy needs via absorbing sun-light energy through the outer envelope makes it so vital to have a substantial consideration ... Read More

Exploration of Indoor Environmental Qualities of Hospitals in Accordance with Patients’ and Staffs’ Viewpoints (Case Study: Shams Hospital in Tabriz)

Saber Sabouri; Faranak Shahmoradi; Sarah Nikzad

Volume 8, Issue 2 , January 2018, , Pages 49-58

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2018.62064

Abstract

Analyzing the «Evaluative Mental Image» Components of Citizens from Quran Gate in Shiraz and its Surrounding Area

Ali asadpour; hadi Nikounam Nezami; Alireza omidyan nya

Volume 9, Issue 2 , March 2019, , Pages 53-68

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.87933

Abstract

Evaluative image is the result of development in lynch’s mental image concept, that has added "meaning" indicator to the two 'identity' and 'structure' components and therefore ... Read More

Determination of biophilic design strategies that affecting the patients’ health in hospitals

Ghazaal Zare; Mohsen Faizi; Mohammad Baharvand; Mohammad Reza Masnavi

Volume 12, Issue 1 , June 2021, , Pages 59-78

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.210114.1318

Abstract

Extended Abstract Objective and background: This research proves the need to modify and develop the design of hospitals to play a perceptible role in treating and accelerating the recovery ... Read More Extended Abstract Objective and background: This research proves the need to modify and develop the design of hospitals to play a perceptible role in treating and accelerating the recovery of patients. Many investigations on the influences of nature on health reveal that the relationship with nature in built environment has a noteworthy effect on the treatment and reduction of the recovery time of patients. One of the solutions suggested in this field is biophilic approach in architectural design, which has been offered by Kellert and states that humans require linking with nature in the man-made environment to preserve and promote their health and well-being. Hence, it is supposed that employing the principles of biophilic design in hospitals influences treatment and recovery time. In the study procedure of this paper, two questions were answered; Are biophilic design approaches efficient for therapeutic spaces to be healing? and What are the practical approaches for efficient biophilic design in health care spaces? Methods: In this study, according to the purpose, the research method is applied, and the study method is descriptive-analytical. First, literature related to biophilic design and health were analyzed and reviewed with a systematic review technique. Then, the most relevant papers in the field of nature and health were selected, and theories and features of health influenced by the association with nature were presented. Findings: Connection with nature influences the physical, psychological (mental and emotional), social, and spiritual dimensions of health. The most significant theories in this field are stress reduction theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART). According to stress reduction theory, the amount of stress decreases subconsciously and spontaneously in people facing nature and being in nature, and as stress is the reason for many diseases and abnormalities, it plays a starring role in people's health, especially emotional health. Attention restoration theory reveals the ability to link with nature in subconsciously renewing and restoring attention by promoting cognitive function, which improves individuals’ productivity and mental ability, and has positive impact on the mental health of individuals and on diseases related to this field such as Autism, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Obesity, Schizophrenia, Blood pressure, Hyperactivity (ADHD) in children, etc. In the continuation of the research, 14 biophilic design patterns in 5 hospitals, Östra Hospital in Sweden, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital in Singapore, Ng Teng Fong Jurong Hospital in Singapore, Dell Children Hospital in Austin Texas, and The Royal Children Hospital in Melbourne Australia, are compared and assessed in 3 levels of the general aspects of building and its site plan, building organization and planning, and finally interior design of patients' rooms. Conclusion: As a result, according to the evidence-based results, the design model of the biophilic hospital and the most practical biophilic design approaches in each of the hospital wards were obtained for the use of the design community and to improve the healing quality of the therapeutic spaces. Based on the recommended model, in the eight main internal wards of the hospital including hospitalization, intensive care, medical emergency, surgery, medical diagnostic laboratories, clinics, waiting area of patient companions and services, due to high stress and overcrowding, as well as no need to comply with certain health standards associated with other spaces, the waiting space of patient companions have the greatest potential to apply biophilic strategies. In fact, 12 of the 14 patterns of biophilic design can be applied in this area, and meaningfully can decrease anxiety and stress, increase social interactions, satisfaction, and peace of individuals. Hospitalization rooms can accelerate patients recovery and treatment time by applying 8 biophilic design patterns included patterns number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11. Surgery, intensive care and emergency areas should obey some special design standards, so only some biophilic design patterns such as; visual connection with nature, dynamic and diffused light and material connection to nature, are compatible with these zones design. Also, in general level using different courtyards and view to nature are the main design principles in architectural planning of biophilic hospitals, and in interior level view of nature, presence of natural light, natural air and natural materials are the most practical strategies in biophilic rooms of healthcare spaces. Nevertheless, empirical and practical assessment of the influence of biophilic patterns and their continuous development is still required.

Investigating the mental judgment patterns of architects in facilitating pedestrian mobility in residential complexes; Case study: district 22 Tehran

Seyyedeh Ashraf Sadat; Mohammad Sadegh Taher Tolou Del

Volume 14, Issue 1 , August 2023, , Pages 59-72

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.269234.1619

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the views of experts in order to facilitate pedestrian movement in residential complexes ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: The aim of this study is to identify and categorize the views of experts in order to facilitate pedestrian movement in residential complexes in District 22 Tehran. Given the absence of prior studies specifically focusing on empirically investigating expert perspectives on improving pedestrian mobility in residential complexes within District 22, Tehran, this research is deemed exploratory and pioneering.Methods: Due to the absence of established theoretical foundations for identifying key factors influencing pedestrian movement within residential complexes, this research is considered exploratory. The Delphi method was employed to uncover expert viewpoints, and Q-type factor analysis was used for expert opinion categorization. In the initial stage, an open-ended questionnaire was administered to generate ideas. Subsequent stages utilized structured questionnaires where participants rated each item on a Likert scale, quantifying their opinions. A nine-choice Likert scale questionnaire was designed to measure participants’ perspectives in the second and third stages. After collecting data in these stages, Q factor analysis was applied. In the third stage, participants were given the opportunity to review and revise their responses as needed. Following the completion of the Delphi process and Q factor analysis, including factor extraction and rotation, the factors were detailed and interpreted. To interpret each factor, emphasis was placed on variables with exceptionally high or low scores that were common among participants within each factor, indicating strong opinions. The selection of participants was purposeful and non-probabilistic, comprising 20 experts, primarily university professors from prominent institutions such as the Department of Architecture at the University of Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tarbiat Modares University, and Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, many of whom have designed renowned residential complexes in the Tehran region. The study’s geographic focus is Zone 22 of Tehran Municipality. Sampling adequacy was assessed using the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) test, which confirmed adequacy with a KMO measure of 0.564. The research tool was developed through an initial phase of document analysis, starting with a review of relevant literature and employing a descriptive-analytical approach and logical reasoning. In the realm of residential architecture, this research introduces a fundamental component that influences the movement and dynamics of residents. Findings: In the first stage of the Delphi method, a total of 40 physical, functional, and semantic variables were initially identified and presented to experts. Following the results of this initial stage, in addition to the existing variables, two new variables, namely spatial coherence and location, were discovered and incorporated into the variable list. Ultimately, a questionnaire for the second stage of Delphi was formulated and administered, encompassing a total of 42 variables. The second stage data underwent Q factor analysis, revealing the presence of six factors. These factors were derived from 28 common variables that received either notably high or low scores among the experts. Consequently, 14 variables were eliminated during the second stage of Delphi. The remaining six factors are considered acceptable due to the presence of shared variables exhibiting very high or low scores among the experts. These six discerned factors align with the six distinct cognitive patterns. In essence, expert opinions were classified into six clearly interpretable categories. These six patterns, namely legibility, permeability, happiness, mobility, responsiveness, and territoriality, emerged from the theoretical consensus among experts. They collectively influence cognition, meaning generation, and the physical impact on space, forming three interconnected composite patterns, each maintaining its unique identity within the subject matter. This conceptual model not only provides insights into the path of knowledge but also fosters an adaptable insight that shifts from “method within the environment” to “method within research,” possessing the potential for growth and evolution over time. Conclusion: The data derived from the Delphi process were analyzed by the Q factor, leading to the categorization of architecture experts based on their common views. Notably, 28 variables exhibited commonality, with experts assigning either very high or low scores. In essence, this implies that 14 variables were excluded during the second stage of Delphi. Subsequently, the findings were presented to the experts for controlled feedback. Based on these results, a total of 76.70% of the influential factors pertaining to pedestrian movement within residential complexes in District 22 Tehran could be confidently identified and subsequently interpreted through expert interviews. It is noteworthy that nearly 80% of respondents concurred on this topic. The primary intellectual trend can be attributed to the first group of experts, represented by the first factor, which accounted for 15.56% of the overall variance. In the context of general categorization, these patterns can be divided into responsiveness (15.56%), territoriality (15.00%), mobility (13.60%), happiness (9.60%), legibility (9.45%), and permeability (7.55%).

Role of multisensory experience in the presence of spaces using Neuroscience methods

Bahar Majlece; Mojgan Khakpour; Abbas Tarkashvand

Volume 14, Issue 2 , December 2023, , Pages 59-79

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2023.321713.1838

Abstract

Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Merleau-Ponty’s theory, rooted in the embodied nature of human experience, suggests that when humans interact with others or their ... Read More Extended AbstractBackground and Objectives: Merleau-Ponty’s theory, rooted in the embodied nature of human experience, suggests that when humans interact with others or their surroundings, they utilize their senses to form a coherent whole. This idea extends to the theory of multi-sensory perception of the environment by Pallasmaa. Therefore, the quality of the environment and the desire of people to be present in it, along with a set of other factors, is highly dependent on how it is perceived by humans. The success of spaces depends on the frequency of use and the sustained presence of people in that place. In the contemporary era, there is a noticeable decline in the presence of spaces, as indicated by various factors listed in recent research. It is necessary to know the criteria that create and promote presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, in order to enrich the environment and the continuity of the event on an individual and collective scale. In this regard, the current research, relying on the theory of multisensory perception in architecture, tried to show that there is a positive relationship between the multisensory perception of spaces and their presence. At the same time, there is no doubt about the multi-sensory nature of the human perceptual mechanism in the process of interaction with the environment. However, there is not much information about the effect of these sensory perceptions, independently or in combination, on the user’s experience of the environment. The few research conducted in this framework indicate that the emphasis on the centrality of the sense of sight in the creation of spaces, mainly leads to the abandonment of other senses and a deficiency in the coherent sensory perception of the space, which itself, potentially, shows the possibility of reducing the presence of the space for the user.Methods: In this framework, the current research attempts to answer the question of which sensory stimuli in the environment, whether alone or in combination with each other, contribute to making the environment more present for those who experience it. A test was conducted to quantify the impact of stimulating the senses separately and in combination with the pleasantness of the space as an index of its presence. The subject group comprised 20 volunteers aged between 20 and 35, exhibiting a symmetrical gender distribution, and possessing bachelor’s and higher education levels. Volunteers were placed in a singular architectural space, simulated for them through virtual reality arrangements. They experienced four sensory stimuli (sight, hearing, smell, touch) both separately and in combination. At the same time, the emotional reactions of their brains to these stimuli were extracted and recorded in the form of 6 quantitative indicators, which include engagement, excitement, focus, interest, relaxation and stress, using the Emotiv EPOC+ device and in the Emotiv BCI software environment. Also, the level of pleasantness of the space for them was also recorded, based on their self-report, in a 5-point Likert scale. The resulting data were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyzes and tests in terms of the possible correlation between sensory stimuli and the pleasantness of the space.Findings: The findings of the research indicate that in indoor spaces, the presence of visual stimuli such as light, olfactory stimuli such as the smell of plants, and environmental tactile stimuli such as a gentle breeze have an observable effect on the pleasantness of the space and will make people more willing to stay in it. On the other hand, the research results have confidently demonstrated that auditory stimuli in the interior, particularly those with an unknown source and non-aesthetic sounds, are undesirable. However, non-passive vocal stimulation (with sounds of aesthetic quality) may have other results. Summarizing the findings makes it clear that in indoor spaces, the combination of visual, olfactory and tactile stimuli will increase the pleasantness of the space with a high degree of certainty. Also, with the aim of increasing the pleasantness of the space for the user, it is better to control tactile stimulation and minimize auditory stimulation - with an unknown source. Conclusion: It is necessary to know the factors that create and increase presence in spaces, a presence that evokes the meaning and sense of place, the degree of prosperity to the environment and continuity in individual and collective characteristics. In this regard, the current research, relying on the multi-sensory theory in architecture, tries to take a positive ratio of spaces and their presence. In general, the research findings suggest that enhancing assimilation in bodily perception and experience of space, such that spatial perceptions are not monosensory, visibly increases the pleasantness of the space. This is likely to contribute to the improvement of presence in the spaces.

The Aesthetic Preferences of Porosity in Façades with Traditional Architecture Pattern (Case Study: Tabriz Historical Houses)

Ali Yaran; Masoud Wahdattalab; Hamed Mohammadi Khoshbin

Volume 10, Issue 1 , May 2019, , Pages 61-77

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2019.90965

Abstract

The pluralism of contemporary era in styles and creation of different artworks has led to various and sometimes contradictory definitions in aesthetics. As a result, aesthetic criteria ... Read More

An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Behavioral and Democratic Urban Spaces; Integrating the Theories

Mani Sattarzad Fathi; Majid Zarei; Rahim Hashempour

Volume 10, Issue 2 , February 2020, , Pages 61-84

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2020.103678

Abstract

Introduction and problem statement: Behavioral design of urban spaces should be considered as a democratic and human value in nowadays urban developments, in order to meet various human ... Read More Introduction and problem statement: Behavioral design of urban spaces should be considered as a democratic and human value in nowadays urban developments, in order to meet various human behaviors in a non-deterministic, impartial, and disinterested fashion. However, the inattention to democratic and behavioral values provides an intolerable problem in the process of urban design in Iran, ignoring the importance of multiple qualities and realities (social, cultural, political, economic, environmental, and even technological) of existing urban spaces. The deterministic urban projects, which is partly derived from limited and exclusionary capitalism, and also the deterrent traditional urban attitudes and personal interests in our country, literally jeopardize our urban spaces and cause them to lose their "Public and Civic" character and essence. The urban environment, therefore, no longer accommodates a wide range of users, as well as the interactions and varied democratic behaviors associated with them, and thus the concept of “Freedom in Action and Behavior” is sorely neglected more than ever. As a result of these shortcomings, people have no incentives to take active roles in urban spaces and just do some mere necessities on the basis of this deterministic context, and, therefore, the correlation between human and city is fractured left and right. This problematical complicated situation leads to the emersion of degraded spaces with underdeveloped behavioral values and undemocratic contents. Thus, the shape and content of many of our cities (of course if we can call them cities because of the lack of articulation between “urbs” and “civitas”) are transformed into the collections of mere populations, substandard spaces, and dense soulless buildings. How beautiful Barati says “the cities of our country have become Noncity, which leads to social despair”. These statements actually shed a light on the fact that our current cities have lost their spatial, local, and humanistic features and thus people are mutually forced to reiterate repetitive and populistic behaviors. We should be aware of what is turn to a really important matter today, that the less we honor open and democratic urban societies and behavior-based spaces, the more we will face with disinterested and passive urban users. Purpose: This study seeks to find a rational responsive framework by scrutinizing the behavioral and democratic urban theories, an anti-elitism and anti-totalitarianism framework that might comprise absent characteristics and criteria of our urbanism and can crystalize some effective solutions in the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces for removing the widespread deep-rooted urban dilemma, which we are facing with. Research hypothesis: the actualization of behavioral-based and democratic realities of our urban spaces (which can be called the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces) can lead to more people-friendly and efficient urban structures. Research method: This study is conducted through content analysis and comparative methods. The analyses and descriptions are also followed by a non-interventionist approach that solely tries to systematically highlight the scattered patterns and points throughout a set of texts. The required information is also collected through the structured study of related theoretical documents. Findings and conclusion: This study partly discovers that the urban design practices should not be seen as a lever to “Radical Exercise of Power”, but as a tool for achieving “Humanistic Participatory Development”. Accordingly, there are two important issues here: “Behavioral Freedom” and “Democracy”, which have to be perceived with big “B and F” and “D”, on a grand scale, in their purest nature and most fundamental and impressive forms. In this study, therefore, an attempt is made to collect the required characteristics of behavioral urban spaces, and to extract the general criteria for democratic urban design within two environmental (i.e. responsive qualities) and social (i.e. the right to the city and public participation) dimensions, to exactly integrate them, and subsequently attain the process of democratic design of behavioral urban spaces. The realization of this process may turn our urban environments to a suitable context for the manifestation of a wide range of “Voluntary and Social” activities, vis-à-vis the “compulsory” ones. Thereby, the urban spaces will be democratically formed based on behavioral and social values; in fact, people will absolutely utilize the practical freedom to make their places more democratic based on their needs, the kind of places that can bring “Multiplicity” and “Throwntogetherness” into action.

جستاری در استفاده از دیدگاه نشانه شناسی در طراحی محصول

صمد سامانیان; پردیس بهمنی

Volume 1, Issue 1 , April 2010

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2010.61923

Abstract

راهکارهای طبیعی نیل به محیط پایدار (نمونه موردی: بافت فرسوده محله از گل)

مصطفی رستمی نجف آبادی

Volume 2, Issue 1 , July 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61936

Abstract

نقش مشارکت کودکان در طراحی منظرهای شهری (مورد مطالعاتی: پارک های محلی)

سمر حقیقی بروجنی; محسن فیضی

Volume 2, Issue 2 , October 2011

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2011.61945

Abstract

خوانش ساختار شهر؛ گامی به سوی شکل شناسیِ شهری

سید عبدالهادی دانشپور; مریم روستا

Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2013

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2013.61954

Abstract

ارائه مدلی برای تبیین پارامترهای تاثیرگذار در معنای مکان در محیطهای آموزشی (نمونه موردی: مقایسه معنای مکان در دانشکده معماری و غیر معماری)

علی اکبر حیدری; سید عباس یزدانفر; نازگل بهدادفر

Volume 4, Issue 1 , May and June 2014

https://doi.org/10.30475/isau.2014.61962

Abstract

Volume 14 (2023)

Volume 13 (2022)

Volume 12 (2021)

Volume 11 (2020)

Volume 10 (2019)

Volume 9 (2018)

Volume 8 (2018)

Volume 7 (2017)

Volume 6 (2016)

Volume 5 (2015)

Volume 4 (2014)

Volume 3 (2013)

Volume 2 (2011)

Volume 1 (2010)

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