Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Abstract Extended Abstract
Objectives and Background: In recent years, District 22 of Tehran has undergone significant transformations due to the city's expansion. Many residents from other areas have chosen this district as a preferable place to live, seeking distance from pollution. However, rapid development has brought numerous issues to the area, such as inadequate public transportation, high population density, density-selling violations, real estate speculation, uncontrolled construction, high-rise developments, water shortages, low service per capita service levels, limited access to central Tehran, a stagnant business environment, high migration rates, and weak social ties within newly developed communities. These challenges have progressively impacted the district's livability. Examining District 22’s development pattern over the past four decades reveals a marked inflation of decision-making processes, indicating a reliance more on market-driven growth than on sustainable urban planning models. As a result, car-oriented development has become the norm, exacerbating environmental and social problems. In light of this situation, the question of District 22's livability and its future is critical. Addressing this complexity requires adopting new, complementary paradigms and approaches—particularly those emphasizing human-centered urban development. The concept of the "human-centered city" offers a comprehensive framework to enhance livability and promote sustainable growth in District 22. This study thus assesses the livability status of District 22 using this approach, aiming to address urban challenges through sustainable, human-centered development strategies.
Methods: This research is applied in purpose and uses a descriptive-analytical approach in methodology. Data and information were collected through both bibliographic and field (questionnaire) methods. The statistical population includes the residents of the 12 neighborhoods within District 22 of Tehran metropolis, with a sample size of 383 individuals determined using Cochran’s formula at a 95% confidence level and assuming maximum heterogeneity (p = q = 0.5). A simple probabilistic sampling method, known for its scientific value, was applied to select the sample. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, resulting in a reliability score of 87%. Sampling was conducted in two stages. Initially, proportional allocation sampling was employed to distribute the sample across the target population, considering the overall characteristics and diversity of the study area. Accordingly, a percentage of questionnaires was assigned to each neighborhood in District 22 based on its population share. In the second stage, due to the complexity of the target population, random sampling was used to select residential units.Various conceptualizations of livability indicate that no universally accepted measurement approach exists. However, most studies focus on subjective livability perceptions, typically assessed through social surveys or questionnaires. In this study, the behavioral geography perspective was employed to evaluate the livability of Tehran's District 22 using a human-centered urban approach. Therefore, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed to measure residents' subjective perspectives across four main dimensions- economic, social, physical, and environmental- using 76 items. For data analysis, tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-sample T-test, ANOVA, and path analysis were conducted using SPSS software. Additionally, Shannon’s entropy and the MABAC (Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison) model were used to rank the neighborhoods within District 22.
Findings: The results revealed that the status of this district concerning the studied subject is below average. The neighborhoods of Lake Shohadaye Khalij Fars (Persian Gulf), Golestan, and Zibadasht ranked first to third with the highest scores for livability under the human-centered city approach. Sharif, Havanirouz, Sarvazad, and Sharif neighborhoods ranked tenth to twelfth with the lowest scores for livability. Among livability dimensions, the greatest gap was observed in the physical aspect while the least gap was found in environmental aspects. Overall livability conditions across neighborhoods in District 22 were rated as average to poor: %16 were classified as acceptable clusters; 17% as tolerable; 25% as average; another %25 as poor; and 17% as unacceptable clusters.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that factors contributing to livability issues in District 22 stem from its continuous development without adequate attention to improving necessary amenities and services for residents. Studies indicate that this area has been significantly impacted by decision-making inflation that prioritizes market demand over logical planning aligned with sustainable urban development models—effectively placing control in the hands of land speculators rather than focusing on local services and amenities.This lack of facilities and supporting infrastructure has resulted in income and employment for many residents being located outside District 22. Additionally, economic sanctions have exacerbated financial burdens on families due to insufficient amenities (for instance, over 50 thousand educational trips are made daily from District 22 to Region 5). Consequently, economic participation rates in this district dropped from %39 in 2011 to %37.1 in 2016. The social fabric predominantly consists of middle-income groups engaged mainly in service-related occupations.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the current urban sprawl and unbalanced growth in District 22 of Tehran do not align with the principles of human-centered cities, such as social cohesion, walkability, safety, neighborhood connections, and community spirituality. The development of new areas within the district (such as Sharif University Town, Sarv-e Azad, and Havanirouz) has largely prioritized vehicular traffic over urban plans, diminishing the region's social and human-centered urban identity. High rates of migration, poor connectivity between residents of high-rise complexes and surrounding neighborhoods, limited security infrastructure, and fragmented functional identities have led to decreased social cohesion and a decline in the quality of public spaces, especially in newly developed areas. Additionally, the incomplete spatial structure and reliance on highways hinder the formation of streets as social spaces, discouraging human presence and social interaction in these areas. For District 22 to evolve into a human-centered and livable area, it is essential to encourage active citizen involvement alongside urban planners and policymakers. Achieving livability with a human-centered approach requires optimizing various forms of social participation, a crucial element in building human-centered cities.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: After the industrial revolution, many changes have taken place in the housing system. Residential neighborhoods have become largely obsolete and have been replaced by residential complexes. What is considered in the creation of residential complexes in their design process; often there are big issues such as economic conditions, land value and etc. Thus, such foreign forces affect housing policies and ultimately the quality of human life. Since the house is one of the most important and main places of human presence, it has the most duty in provide the individual and social needs of humans. This study intends to investigate the differences of social interactions in two types of residential complexes, mid-rise apartment and villa complexes, based on Jan Gehl‘s theory. According to this theory, activities that can be performed among residents of residential complexes lead to the creation of social interactions among them. These activities can be categorized into three categories: necessary activities, optional activities, and social activities. Necessary activities which are some kind of activities that residents definitely do, such as entering and leaving the complex. Optional activities are activities that take place if suitable conditions and personal preferences exist, such as children playing or exercising in public spaces of residential complexes. Finally, social activities are activities that depend more than anything else on the presence of other residents in public spaces. Jan Gehl also emphasizes the design process should be: “First life, then spaces, then buildings - the other way around never works.” Therefore, this research discovers the level of social interactions resulting from these activities by examining the possibility of the occurrence of three categories of activities in two types of residential complexes.
Methods: Considering the research objective, the desired studies and investigations focus on identifying the factors and activities that lead to social interactions. In this regard, in the first step, through library studies and examining previous research, the activities that lead to the formation of social interaction among individuals were extracted. Then, to investigate the occurrence of these activities with residents of the two residential complexes of “Sib” and “Saheli”, interviews were conducted. To this end, interviews were conducted with 14 residents of the complex, 57% of whom were male and 43% were female. In the next step, the information obtained from the interviews was interpreted using content analysis. In addition to answering the interview questions, the interviewees also expressed their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with interacting with some neighbors. For analysis, the dialogues were carefully examined, and significant points were discovered. Then, the significant points were categorized, and their commonalities were discovered. 
Findings: The results indicate that the occurrence of social interactions resulting from necessary activities in middle-class apartments is significantly higher than in villa complexes. The reason for this is the greater dependence of residential units on each other. This dependence is due to common spaces and dealing with common affairs and financial issues. It is worth mentioning that the presence of a guard in villa complexes is one influential factor in increasing social interactions. Regarding optional activities, it can be stated that familiarity and acquaintance among individuals in middle-class apartments occur more frequently, which is due to more face-to-face encounters between residents. This is while villa complexes, with wider central spaces and fewer design constraints compared to apartments, can create a more suitable spatial capacity for social interactions. Social activities also occur to a lesser extent in both types of complexes. Finally, it can be said that the most fundamental difference in creating social interactions in the two types of residential complexes, middle-class apartments and villa complexes, is related to necessary activities. Considering these differences, it is possible to take steps towards optimal design and increasing desirable social interactions in residential complexes. 
Conclusion: The The results show that the main difference between the two types of residential complexes is due to the necessary activities and its incidence rate in mid-rise apartment is higher than villa complexes. However, villa complexes with a wider middle space and less limitations in its design can create a suitable environment to increase social interactions. The results of study can lead designers and planners to eliminate existing deficiencies and users to choose housing tailored to their social needs.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Urban neighborhoods used to be an essential part of the social, economic, and physical fabric of traditional Iranian cities. Strong ties, a sense of belonging, and cooperation among inhabitants had established an informal welfare system that has limited the intervention of authorities in neighborhoods’ affairs. The formation of the central government and rapid urbanization in the last century has changed the nature of urban neighborhoods from social and administrative units to mere physical urban blocks. At the same time, the application of modern planning tools such as zoning, land-use adjustment, and neighborhood-unit concepts have established homogenous physical neighborhoods with little attention to social issues. A brief analysis of today’s urban issues reveals that the traditional concept of ‘neighborhood’ has little place in the planning and management of cities. Demographic shifts, gentrification, and constant alteration of land-uses in contemporary neighborhoods have reduced the sense of belonging to a local community, and therefore have diminished social cohesion with the city.  As a response to the current problems, in the past two decades, a shift in planning paradigms along with social and economic changes at the global level has transferred the focus of planning from macro scale to local scale of communities. Formation of various discourses such as neighborhood development, neighborhood planning, sustainable neighborhood-based development, urban village, etc.… accentuates the importance of local communities in urban planning and management, on the one hand, and emphasizes the need to revive the value of traditional communities on the other hand. Therefore, this study aims to revive and redefine social and administrative features of traditional neighborhoods in planning contemporary Iranian cities according to the following steps: first, this study analyzes the main social and administrative components of neighborhoods in traditional Iranian cities. Then, the main components of the neighborhood-based planning approach are derived to make a comparison between the former and the latter issues. Finally, this study provides strategies for the social-administrative regeneration of neighborhoods in contemporary Iranian cities. Due to its analytical and comparative nature, this research uses bibliographical documents to define the main components of the neighborhood-based planning approach. Then the social and administrative nature of neighborhoods in traditional and contemporary cities of Iran is analyzed and the main components and indicators are derived from library resources and deep discussion with experts. To make a comparison, a group of experts and specialists in urban issues were asked to compare the social-administrative components of traditional Iranian neighborhoods with the components derived from the neighborhood-based planning approach. The comparison highlights both supportive and deterrent factors in the realization of a neighborhood-based approach in the planning of contemporary Iranian cities. The data analysis displays the fact that many principles of neighborhood-based approach were used to be practiced regularly in traditional neighborhoods of Iranian cities. However, according to experts, some features of traditional neighborhoods such as patriarchy, hierarchical social structure, segregation of ethnic and religious groups, and restrictions on the presence of women in public spheres, are not compatible with the ideals of the neighborhood-based approach. On the other side, some features of contemporary Iranian neighborhoods, such as neighborhood councils, community-based organizations, and ethnoreligious inclusiveness are considered supportive factors in realization of a neighborhood-based approach. The result of this study also highlights two important issues: first, the social and administrative features of traditional Iranian neighborhoods are quite consistent with the components of neighborhood-based approach (however the existence of some deterrent factors are undeniable); second, redefinition and application of the neighborhood-based approach in contemporary Iranian cities establishes a good opportunity to solve urban challenges and urban management issues especially in large metropolises. The findings suggest that although social and administrative regeneration of traditional neighborhoods is associated with many challenges, the use of new planning tools, such as the neighborhood-based approach, can provide the necessary social, cultural, and administrative bases for realization of neighborhoods with a strong sense of identity and belonging. Since this study does not cover a specific statistical population, its results cannot be generalized to all cities in Iran. Future research can adopt a case study approach and define a statistical population to apply the issues raised in this study. However, the suggested strategies in this article can provide guidelines for policymakers and urban planners to provide processes to establish autonomous, self-sufficient, and self-supportive neighborhoods in contemporary Iranian cities.

Abstract Currently, neighborhoods play an important role in local plans and programs in cities and have an important status in urban development. Urban neighborhoods are referred to as the key to urban development, public participation, and giving identity to urban environments. On the other hand, in Iranian urbanization also neighborhood has a very long history and it has been one of the main elements in the structure of Iranian cities.
One important issue in relation to neighborhood concept is the proper definition of the territory of neighborhoods. Many of the plans and programs provided for development, improvement, and enhancement of neighborhoods are somehow linked to the territory of neighborhoods and their definition. Meanwhile, the first step is to correctly define the dimensions and boundaries of neighborhoods and the role of neighborhood residents. In this regard, despite studies carried out in western countries and the development of methods to assess and analyze perceptions of residents of the territory, there have been very few studies in the country.
The present study aims to firstly determine the extent of collectiveness of residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods’ territory and secondly examine and analyze how the eight variables (derived from individual differences among neighborhood residents) affect residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory. The considered variables are gender, age, education, job, duration of residence, type of ownership, mode of residence (native, non-native), and having neighborhood relations. First, the theoretical foundations associated with the study are reviewed and then the methods used to define neighborhood territory are introduced using residents’ opinions.
The research method is quantitative and survey along with statistical analysis and spatial information analysis. For this purpose, 600 combined questionnaires along with annex map were distributed in 6 neighborhoods of Mashhad according to the neighborhoods determined in Detailed Plan of the city of Mashhad (including neighborhoods of Sarshur, Sa’ad Abad, Samzghand, Touraj, Shahrbani Town and neighborhood 9 of Qasim Abad). Sampling method was multistage cluster sampling. The information analysis process was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, descriptive information of residents’ perception of the neighborhood was analyzed and in the second stage, the information obtained from cognitive maps of residents from the territory of the neighborhood was analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS).
The study results show that the majority of respondents try to define their place of residence in the framework of a neighborhood territory. Regarding the variables of neighborhood name and location of the neighborhood center, in most neighborhoods, there is disagreement among the residents. Meanwhile, local centers and neighborhood mosques play an important role in residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory.
Analysis of the information regarding the neighborhood’s perceived territory shows that in all neighborhoods, the average perceived territory area of the neighborhood is lower than the contracted neighborhood area in the Detailed Plan. Overlap rates in the studied neighborhoods were reported as ranging between 10 to 70 percent among residents.
The results of examining common points in neighborhood borders show that in most neighborhoods the boundaries of the contracted neighborhood territory in the Detailed Plan in four geographical directions are different from the neighborhood borders perceived by the residents. Also, in the respondents’ answers, the location of the common area territory in each of the neighborhoods is mostly based on the activity centers within the neighborhoods.
Results of Kruskal-Wallis statistical test show that residents’ perceptions of neighborhoods’ territories in different urban contexts are different from the contracted neighborhoods defined in urban development plans. Also, the average perceived territory areas in different urban contexts are significantly different from each other.
To examine the variables of individual differences of residents and how they affect the residents’ perceptions, the mean area index of residents’ perceptions of the neighborhood territory was used. Mann-Whitney statistical test was used to analyze the three variables of gender, type of ownership, and type of residence; and Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the five variables of education, age, duration of residence, type of occupation, and the number of neighborhood relations. The results show that males and owners of residential units significantly perceive the neighborhood territory larger than the other groups, and residents who are housewives and students, compared to other groups of occupations, significantly perceive the neighborhood territory smaller than the other groups of employees. Regarding the variables of age, duration of residence, level of education, and the amount of neighborhood relations, there were no significant differences in residents’ perceptions of neighborhood territory.
The present study provides recommendations on application of residents’ perceptions in the process of defining neighborhoods’ territories and determining variables in this regard. Also, it is recommended to use new tools such as Geographic Information System (GIS) and its analytical tools in the process of determining neighborhoods’ territories.