Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The central courtyard is one of the important architectural elements of traditional houses in hot and dry regions of Iran, which plays a major role in organizing space, improving climatic conditions, and providing comfort to residents. The physical dimensions of this courtyard, especially its depth and height, are effective in temperature balance and natural ventilation, and have a great impact on the surrounding air flow, especially in hot summers. Traditional Iranian architecture has provided suitable solutions to deal with heat by using this element appropriately. However, scientific investigation of the appropriate dimensional ratios of the central courtyard is still one of the research needs of Iranian architecture, especially in the contemporary period when attention to indigenous patterns and new technologies has increased. The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of the dimensions of the central courtyard, especially its depth and height, on natural ventilation in traditional houses in hot and dry regions of Iran, and by simulating the houses of Lariha and Golshan in Yazd, it seeks to determine the optimal dimensions to improve the quality of ventilation and thermal comfort, and to apply these findings in modern architecture.

Methods: This research is of a quantitative and qualitative type, and experimental, test, and case study strategies have been used to conduct it. The data collection method includes library studies, observations, field observations, measurements, and simulations. Since the aim of the research is to investigate the improvement and performance of natural ventilation of the central courtyard in traditional Iranian houses, the dimensions of the central courtyard were considered as the independent variable and the air circulation pattern inside the courtyard as the dependent variable. The statistical population of this research includes houses with a central courtyard in Yazd and two houses in Lariha and Golshan, Yazd, as study samples, which were also selected in a non-randomly targeted manner. Initially, field measurements of the dependent variable (airflow speed and direction) were taken as primary data and simulation validation was carried out over a 30-day period, 3 times a day (9 am - 12 noon and 3 pm) in August, using a 200kimo/v device. Then, the measured data and the 3D model of the case samples were simulated using Design Builder software with the aim of analyzing the air circulation pattern in the central courtyard. Finally, the variable size of the height of the central courtyard was measured through intervention in the simulations.

Findings: The initial findings of this study indicate that the ventilation performance and air flow velocity in the central courtyard are very complex and are affected by many factors, but in order to simplify the study, only the effect of the courtyard height was investigated. In this regard, the air flow velocity at different heights of the central courtyard, including an increase and decrease in height by 2 meters, was simulated and compared. The results indicate that in both the Golshan and Lariha houses, increasing the height of the courtyard by 2 meters compared to the initial state causes a relative increase in the air flow velocity. For example, in the Golshan house, an increase in height of 2 meters increases the wind speed by about 9 to 20 percent, and in the Lariha house by about 11 percent. Similarly, a decrease in height by the same amount causes a significant decrease in the wind speed inside the courtyard. However, in the continuation of the study and with a further increase in height (up to 4 and 6 meters), the trend of changes was reversed; that is, an excessive increase in height caused a sharp decrease in the air flow velocity in the central courtyard, and in some cases, the speed reached close to zero. In contrast, a significant decrease in height (4 to 6 meters) also caused a significant increase in the average wind speed, approaching the speed of the outdoor air. Overall, these studies indicate a direct relationship between a moderate increase in courtyard height and air flow speed, but an excessive increase in height causes a significant decrease in ventilation and efficiency of the central courtyard. This finding indicates that the ratio of the height of the central courtyard should be selected carefully and based on ventilation optimization in order to maintain optimal conditions of thermal comfort and natural ventilation efficiency in traditional spaces.

Conclusion: In traditional houses in the desert regions of Iran, the central courtyard plays a key role in improving ventilation and air conditioning. This study, using computer simulation using Design Builder software, investigated the effect of changing the height of the central courtyard on the speed and pattern of airflow in Golshan and Lari houses. The results of the study show that increasing the height of the courtyard to 2 meters increases the speed of airflow in the courtyard space, and decreasing the height by the same amount reduces the wind speed. However, with a further increase in height, i.e. to 4 or 6 meters, the speed of airflow decreases and the previous relationship is reversed; in other words, too high a height causes a loss of ventilation. The results also indicate that an excessive decrease in the height of the courtyard also causes the height of the surrounding spaces to reach an impractical or unsuitable level for habitation, and side effects such as reduced shade and increased temperature in the courtyard are created. Based on these findings, the appropriate height for the central courtyard in order to achieve optimal ventilation in the Golshan house is 9 meters and in the Lari house is 11 meters.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Awareness stems from assessing the environment. Studies show that physical characteristics of space and individual differences affect environmental appraisal. However, movement through the environment and the effects of spatial sequences on evaluation are less considered. The level of brightness of a space after passing from a dark space or passing from a bright space has two different evaluations. Although studies in cognition and environmental sciences such as Gibson’s ecological approach to perception, Neisser’s perceptual cycle, Helson’s adaptation level theory, Paducci’s range-frequency theory, Berlyn’s studies on environmental preference, and research on context effects confirm the role of movement as a priming effect in two main forms: assimilation effect and contrast effect. Experimental studies to investigate the two effects of movement on environmental perception have been limited.
Methods: In this research, 10 animations were prepared using two simulated consecutive spaces. The second space was constant in terms of physical attributes. The characteristics of the first space, such as size, light, height, and visual permeability - the effects of which have been significantly evaluated in previous studies - were manipulated. To test the contrast effect, the intensity of variables was changed highly. Light and size were simulated at an average level to test the assimilation effect. The simulated animations -moving from the first space to the destination (at a normal walking speed of 5 km/h)- were shown to 92 participants, including 54 females and 38 males. Participants were asked to evaluate the size of the second space after passing from the first space on a scale ranging from very small (1) to very large (10). The simulated spaces were displayed on a 15.6-inch laptop screen in an environment with uniform lighting and no glare or darkness. We ran paired t-tests and repeated measures analysis of variance (rm-ANOVA) to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05.
Findings: The results of the paired t-test and pairwise comparisons for “size of space”, at a significance level of 0.05, t = 7.34, df = 91, p <.001 and F(1, 91) = 53.97 with a large effect size (η2p =.37) showed that the main space appeared larger when the preceding space was small compared to when the preceding space was large. For another condition on “size”, t = 8.1, df = 91, p <.001 and F(1, 91) = 65.60 with a large effect size (η2p =.42), results showed that the main space appeared larger when preceding from an elongated space compared to a large space. As for “light”, t = -3.25, df = 91, p =.002 and F(1, 91) = 10.58 with a moderate effect size (η2p =.10) results showed that the main space appeared larger when the preceding space was dim compared to when the preceding space was bright. As for “height”, t = -1.95, df = 91, p =.055 and F(1, 91) = 3.79 with a small effect size (η2p =.04) results showed that the main space appeared larger when it preceded from a high space compared to a short space. The results for “visual permeability”, t = 2.96, df = 91, p =.004 and F(1, 91) = 8.78 with a moderate effect size (η2p =.11) showed that the main space appeared larger when it preceded from a small space compared to entering the main space from a small space without rotation. In another condition, t = 1.55, df = 91, p = 0.12 and F(1, 91) = 2.42, results showed that rotation had no effect on the size of the second space from an elongated space.
Conclusion: The results of this research showed that movement through the environment discriminates judgment in a specific direction. The extent and direction of deviation depend on the previous stimuli that the individual has received. In other words, in a spatial sequence, the characteristics received from previous spaces affect the evaluation of a specific attribute of the next space, so that discrepancies in type and intensity of the features of that sequence determine the degree of deviation in the individual’s judgment. This research aimed to investigate two significant effects of movement. It found out that the contrast effect prevailed over the assimilation effect. Based on this, one could say that with movement in space, a chain of spaces is experienced. Considering the purposeful movement of the individual in the environment, the environment can be clustered spatially and in specific time episodes. These clusters consist of first, middle, and climax spaces. Architects and designers can intensify or modify the main space features by manipulating the characteristics of previous and subsequent spaces under the contrast effect. Such an approach to diagramming the environment in the design process represents a new chapter in “meaning-oriented” design depending on specific temporal and spatial episodes and can be called “episodic architecture.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The transition between the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods in Iran involved significant changes in political, economic, cultural, and social aspects. These changes affected every part of life in the country, including the city of Tabriz. One of the areas deeply influenced by these shifts was architecture, especially the design and layout of residential houses. Houses in Tabriz did not just serve as buildings for shelter; they became spaces that reflected the changing lifestyles and social norms of the people. Despite the importance of this transformation, few studies have closely examined how these social and political changes appeared in the physical form of houses. This research aims to explore how different social factors influenced the evolution of housing architecture in Tabriz during this transitional period. Due to Tabriz’s strategic location near Russia and the Ottoman Empire, and its political significance with the presence of the Crown Prince, the city was especially exposed to modern ideas and cultural interactions. By studying these influences, this research tries to explain how political and social developments affected the structure, space, and function of residential buildings in Tabriz. The primary research question is: How did the form, spatial organization, and function of houses in Tabriz change between the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, and what were the main causes behind these architectural transformations?

Methods: This study employs a qualitative research approach combining field observations and library-based documentary analysis. A total of 40 residential buildings dating from the Qajar and early Pahlavi periods, accessible for onsite visits and data collection, were selected as case studies. The research method is descriptive-interpretive, focusing on identifying spatial patterns, architectural elements, and functional changes within these homes. Data collection included visual surveys, photographic documentation, and archival research to gather information on the layout, structural modifications, and use of spaces within these houses. The analysis focused on understanding the progression of architectural transformations and linking them to historical social changes, thereby enabling a comprehensive understanding of the mutual interaction between society and residential architecture in Tabriz.

Findings: The findings reveal that architectural reforms and spatial modifications in Tabriz’s houses began gradually during the mid-Qajar period and intensified in the early Pahlavi era. Initially, these changes influenced the lifestyles of the residents, marking a shift from traditional living patterns. In the early Pahlavi period, significant spatial reorganization took place, where multi-functional spaces traditionally reflecting Iranian cultural and social customs were either removed or repurposed. For example, inner courtyards (Andaruni), transitional entrance spaces such as porches, corridors, and vestibules, as well as other characteristic features like pool rooms (Howzkhaneh), continuous verandas (Iwan), and alcoves (Kalleh’i), gradually disappeared or lost their original forms. Instead, these were replaced by simpler, mono-functional rooms designed primarily for living, sleeping, or resting. This transformation led to the removal of many traditional spaces and a simpler spatial form.

Conclusion: This research concludes that the spatial and architectural transformations observed in the houses of Tabriz during the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods are direct reflections of the broader political, social, and cultural shifts of the era. The transformation from traditional, multi-functional houses to simpler, function-specific residential spaces mirrors the modernization process and changing lifestyles influenced by Iran’s interaction with neighboring powers and internal reforms. Tabriz’s unique geopolitical position accelerated these changes, making it a critical case study for understanding Iran’s architectural evolution during this period. Ultimately, this study demonstrates how architecture serves as a tangible record of social history, embodying the complex interplay between cultural identity, political change, and everyday life. These findings contribute valuable insights into the field of architectural history and urban studies in Iran, highlighting the importance of preserving and studying historical houses as living documents of societal transformation.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Monographs in the field of architecture have garnered increasing attention from researchers over the past few decades, finding expression in their scholarly articles. These types of studies contribute to the recognition, documentation, and recording of structures that, due to remaining obscure, are vulnerable to damage and potential destruction. Monographs play a vital role in preserving this architectural heritage by bringing attention to these overlooked structures, providing detailed analyses of their historical, cultural, and architectural significance. Despite the acknowledged significance of monographs in the field of architecture, there is currently a lack of a unified, comprehensive framework to guide the writing of such articles. Moreover, the lack of a clear set of guidelines can be particularly challenging for emerging researchers and students who seek to contribute to the body of knowledge on architectural monographs. A comprehensive guide would provide a roadmap for conducting rigorous and impactful research, ensuring that monographs meet the highest standards of scholarly inquiry. The primary objective of this research is therefore to provide a comprehensive guide with pre-determined steps for conducting such research. This guide aims to standardize the process of writing architectural monographs, ensuring consistency and rigor across different studies. By providing a clear framework for research, analysis, and documentation, this guide will empower researchers to produce high-quality monographs that contribute significantly to the preservation and understanding of architectural heritage.
Methods: To achieve the objective of creating a comprehensive guide for writing architectural monographs, the research methodology was designed to be both systematic and rigorous. The research was conducted in two main phases: a preliminary review of existing monographs and a qualitative content analysis of a selected sample of articles. The first phase involved reviewing early examples of monographs to explore the origins of this subject in Iran and around the world. This initial review served to provide a historical context for the study, tracing the evolution of monograph writing and identifying key milestones in the development of the field. By examining the early works, it was possible to gain insights into the motivations, approaches, and challenges faced by pioneers in architectural documentation. The second phase involved a qualitative content analysis of 50 articles related to the field of architectural monographs published over the past 75 years. The selection of articles was based on their relevance to the research topic, their representation of different architectural styles and periods, and their availability. The articles were carefully chosen to ensure a diverse range of perspectives and approaches to monograph writing. The qualitative content analysis method was chosen to extract meaningful concepts and themes from the selected articles. This method allows for a deep understanding of the content, going beyond simple quantitative measures to explore the underlying meanings and relationships within the text. Each article was systematically analyzed to identify key concepts, themes, and methodological approaches used by the authors.
Findings: The research findings reveal a clear structure in the creation of architectural monographs, which is categorized into three primary stages: Identification, Historiography, and Architecture. Identification: This initial stage involves the selection and direct observation of the building through field visits, as well as indirect observation through images and existing plans. The importance of this stage lies in the ability to personally experience the building and capture its essence through various visual media. Historiography: The second stage focuses on the historical background and geographical location of the area where the building is situated, the time of its construction, its evolution over time, the builder and patrons, and the reasons for its name. This stage relies on sources such as geographical atlases, inscriptions, historical texts, travelogues, poems, and other relevant documents. Architecture: The final stage involves the architectural description of the building, detailing spatial elements, its apparent form, structure and construction methods, materials, and decorations. This stage requires a deep understanding of architectural principles and the ability to communicate complex ideas in a clear and concise manner.
Conclusion: This research has provided a comprehensive guide for writing architectural monographs, detailing the essential stages and methods required to produce high-quality, impactful research. By providing a clear and standardized framework, this guide aims to promote consistency and rigor in architectural monograph writing, ultimately contributing to the preservation and understanding of architectural heritage. The findings emphasize the importance of each stage in the monograph process, from identification to historiography and architecture, providing a roadmap for researchers to follow. In conclusion, this research contributes to the field of architectural studies by providing a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals, ultimately advancing the understanding and preservation of architectural heritage.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The existence of numerous examples of the connection between the knowledge of geometry and building design, with an emphasis on the application of geometry in architecture, especially in the Islamic era, introduces architecture as a knowledge-based skill that creates an extended connection between thought and action. The breadth of this connection has created numerous definitions of the concept of geometry and its diverse applications in architecture. Due to the importance of paying attention to the internal aspects of phenomena in the formation and advancement of sciences in the Islamic worldview, it is essential to understand the concept of geometry in architecture. With the aim of providing a single definition of the concept of the word geometry for the emergence and manifestation of its capabilities in architecture, the first research question, “What is the meaning of the word geometry and its application in architecture?”, is formed on the assumption that the numerous existing interpretations of the concept of the word geometry create diverse applications of geometry in architecture. Considering that the theoretical and practical topics of geometry were taught to architects in the past by Muslim philosophers and mathematicians, and today, architects are trained in architectural schools, with the aim of compiling the necessary syllabus for teaching the clarified subject of geometry to architects, the second research question, “How does the concept of the word geometry in architecture affect its educational content?”, is formed on the assumption that introducing the subject of geometry to architects based on its clarified concept in this research, reveals the need to compile educational syllabuses that cover various areas of the aforementioned concept.
Methods: This research is conducted using a descriptive-analytical method and with the help of qualitative content analysis. Data are collected through library studies and by deductive method. In order to enter the field of research, Often from Islamic sources, well-referenced scientific articles and authentic books have been selected that are related to the subject and whose authors are experts in the field under investigation. In order to answer the first question, with the help of logical reasoning, we will deal with the epistemological classification and content matching of existing definitions of the concept of the word geometry with existing interpretations of it in architecture. Then, the applications resulting from the aforementioned interpretations are introduced using inference argument. In order to answer the second question, with the help of logical reasoning and considering the clarified subject of geometry, we adapt the syllabus and objectives of basic and optional courses related to geometry education in architecture in terms of content with the theories of Muslim scholars from the fourth to the eleventh centuries AH. Then, using inference argument, the materials needed for teaching are discovered.
Findings: According to studies, the word “Geometry” is defined as equivalent to the word “Qadar” in the sense of (certain size) which is understood in the three realms of measurement, proportion, and exaltation to the higher worlds. Also, the numerous existing interpretations of the concept of geometry in architecture fall into the categories of: ordering, coordinating, and metaphorical, respectively and in accordance with the sub interpretations, applications are introduced under the title of “Geometric-Architectural Layout”. In short, the concept of the word “Geometry” in architecture is an art that has come down from the Supreme World in shapes and sizes in order to fulfill the goals of the building built and the manifestation of the divine names and it has three levels: drawing plane, spatial and analytical-content. In order to benefit from all the aforementioned levels and to achieve the “Secret of Qadar” of the building, an application called “Unifying Geometrical-Architectural Layout” is proposed. It should be noted that just as the aforementioned layouts are different in nature, the educational and research strategies of geometry in architecture are also different from each other. In the educational model proposed by Muslim philosophers, geometry is a tool for realizing Islamic life, in which the concept of “Kail” is used to promote and improve the relationship between man and the environment.
Conclusion: Using inference argument, we find out that knowing the concept of the word “Geometry” in an incomplete form due to its wide scope, has become the basis for the existence of many interpretations and, as a result, the numerous applications of the concept of geometry in architecture. In fact, each architect uses a part of the concept of geometry in architecture according to her needs and thus numerous geometric-architectural Layouts are formed and the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. Next, while matching the content of the levels of the concept of the word “Geometry” in architecture with the content resulting from summarizing the components of the theories of Muslim philosophers and the selected goals and headings appropriate to these goals, using logical reasoning, we compile syllabuses for teaching the clarified subject of geometry in architecture, and we also classify them according to the content of educational and research approaches: exploratory-descriptive, analytical-interpretive and causal and thus the second hypothesis of the research is also confirmed.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The study of cognition, cognitive processes, and how they are processed has always been of interest in architectural education. Design thinking is a cognitive style in design, the main element of which is the design thinking mindset. Mindset is a set of attitudes, opinions, beliefs, and behaviors that characterize a designer and may be related to the designer’s personality traits. Personality encompasses all stable aspects of an individual’s patterns of thinking, emotions, and behavior and is one of the most comprehensive concepts in psychology. Personality is a latent and complex construct associated with a combination of related traits and characteristics. One of these characteristics and abilities is critical thinking, which enables an individual to determine the validity, accuracy, and value of the information to which they are constantly exposed, adapt to different conditions, and think flexibly and critically. Since designers are faced with a large amount of information and stimuli and are required to evaluate and critically assess them in order to make appropriate choices and decisions and use them correctly, they need critical thinking skills. In addition, design thinking also depends on processing ability. The present study aimed to develop a model of the design thinking mindset based on the cognitive constructs of critical thinking and information-processing styles. In other words, it sought to explain the design thinking mindset based on information-processing styles and critical thinking. Since enhancing design ability is one of the important goals of architectural education, it is therefore necessary to identify the factors related to the design process, particularly those related to the designer. On the other hand, the designer’s personality traits were considered as a mediating variable in the relationship between information-processing styles and critical thinking and the design thinking mindset. The study seeks to answer the following main question: How can a model of the design thinking mindset in relation to information-processing styles and critical thinking, with the mediating role of personality traits, be developed while also demonstrating an adequate fit? Furthermore, how are critical thinking and information-processing styles related to the design thinking mindset? And what is the role of personality traits in the relationship between critical thinking and information-processing styles and the design thinking mindset? Methods: The present research employed a descriptive-correlational method within the framework of structural equation modeling, in which the relationships between two latent exogenous variables (critical thinking and information processing styles), one latent mediating variable (personality traits), and one latent criterion variable (design thinking mindset) were examined. The statistical population of this study included all architecture students at universities in Hamadan who were studying during the 2021–2022 academic year (1400–1401). A sample of 248 students was selected using convenience sampling. To collect the relevant data, questionnaires on design thinking mindset, information processing styles, critical thinking, and personality traits were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical measures, including frequency distribution tables, mean, and standard deviation, as well as inferential statistical methods, including the correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling, to test and examine the hypotheses. The analyses were conducted using SPSS 22 and LISREL 8.8. Findings: The fit index in the present model was 2.37, which was within the acceptable range. The Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI), and Comparative Fit Index (CFI) were all above 0.90. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.053 in the present research model, indicating a good fit of the model. Based on these findings, the developed conceptual model showed an adequate fit to the data; meaning that the design thinking mindset model can be developed based on critical thinking and information processing styles, with personality traits as a mediator. The results of the structural relationships in the model showed that the direct effects of the experiential style on the intellectual-emotional trait, the rational style on the sensory-intuitive trait, and critical thinking on the design thinking mindset were not significant (p > 0.05). The remaining direct effects in the model were significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In analyzing and reviewing the theoretical foundations and research findings, it can be stated that since the design thinking mindset is related to the attitudes and beliefs of the individual designer, it cannot be unaffected by the designer’s personality traits and cognitive abilities. Based on these results, the personality traits of extraversion/introversion (focus on the problem) and judging/perceiving (the individual’s orientation toward the problem) had both direct and indirect effects on the designer’s thinking mindset and showed the highest mean scores compared to the other personality types. Furthermore, information processing styles and critical thinking were closely related to the design thinking mindset. Therefore, by developing programs aimed at training and enhancing the cognitive abilities of architecture students, changes in their design thinking mindset can be expected.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: In recent decades, the increasing construction of high-rise buildings and the growing population density within these buildings have highlighted the need to develop safe and efficient strategies for the emergency evacuation of occupants, particularly in critical situations such as fires. Since 1974, the concept of evacuation elevators has been introduced, and extensive research, particularly in the United States and European countries, has led to the development of approaches recommending the use of elevators as a complementary or even alternative option to conventional stairways. This shift in perspective has resulted in a transition from traditional guidance, which emphasized avoiding the use of elevators during emergencies, toward educating occupants on the safe use of these systems. Despite these global advancements, comprehensive standards and requirements for the design and operation of evacuation elevators have not yet been developed in Iran, and the Iranian National Building Regulations primarily focus on requirements related to emergency stairways and fire service elevators. Furthermore, the lack of clear implementation guidelines and localized standards has hindered the systematic integration of this technology into building projects in the country. Two major challenges, including prolonged evacuation times via stairways and considerable physical and psychological strain on vulnerable groups, further highlight the need for evacuation elevators. Although these systems may appear similar to fire service elevators, their functions and primary objectives are fundamentally different. This study aims to review international standards, analyze the current situation in Iran, and propose solutions for the safe and efficient design and use of evacuation elevators in high-rise buildings. The research focuses exclusively on this category of elevators. Methods: This research was conducted with the objective of improving the performance of evacuation elevators in high-rise buildings in Iran, following a comprehensive approach consisting of three main stages. In the first stage, data collection and analysis were conducted. Extensive data were collected from credible sources, including scientific articles, national and international standards, research reports, and case studies. For this purpose, databases and sources such as Scopus, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Elevator World were selected as the primary sources of data. Following data collection, a detailed analysis was conducted to identify key concepts, factors affecting the safe performance of elevators, and gaps in previous research. In the second stage, a comparative analysis of standards was conducted. In this stage, the requirements and guidelines of the Iranian National Building Regulations were compared with international standards and guidelines, including ISO, BS, ASME, and CEN, to identify their similarities, differences, strengths, and weaknesses. In addition, the reasons for these differences and their effects on the applicability and efficiency of the systems were analyzed. In the third stage, based on the findings of the previous two stages and a review of the theoretical foundations and international experiences, the current status of evacuation elevator utilization in Iran was assessed. A set of practical recommendations was then developed to increase safety, enhance reliability, and improve the speed of emergency evacuation operations. Findings: The use of evacuation elevators is contingent upon full compliance with design and safety requirements and the provision of the necessary infrastructure. These requirements include equipping buildings with fire detection and suppression systems, providing fire-resistant refuge areas, and developing comprehensive emergency evacuation plans. The selection of equipment should be adapted to the needs of different occupant groups, particularly vulnerable individuals, and the design of these systems should be carried out in close coordination among engineers, architects, and safety authorities. According to international standards, several primary modes of operation have been defined. In automatic mode, the elevator operates under the control of the building management system and does not require an operator. Manual operation requires the presence of an operator and is mainly used in specialized facilities such as nursing homes. Remote-assisted operation is also available, in which elevator operation is controlled and monitored from a control center. These modes require supporting infrastructure, including two-way communication systems, status displays, and independent emergency power supplies, to ensure the safe operation of the elevator during emergencies. An assessment of the current situation in Iran indicates that the national building regulations lack comprehensive and localized standards and guidelines in this area. This regulatory gap and the absence of clearly defined requirements have resulted in many high-rise buildings lacking the necessary infrastructure, leaving emergency evacuation largely dependent on stairways. While in leading countries evacuation elevators are considered an integral part of crisis management plans, there is an urgent need in Iran to revise regulations, develop specialized guidelines, and mandate compliance with international standards. The use of this technology can improve occupant safety, facilitate the evacuation of individuals with limited mobility, and reduce the physical and psychological stress caused by emergency situations. Conclusion: The critical role of time in the emergency evacuation of buildings and the existing evidence regarding occupant behavior highlight the importance of elevators as an essential component of crisis management planning. This approach has led to revisions in regulations and the development of new international standards that permit the safe use of elevators during emergencies. Contrary to common perceptions, evacuation elevators, when properly designed and equipped, can significantly increase evacuation speed and enhance the safety of vulnerable individuals. In high-rise buildings, elevators serve as an effective means of transporting individuals who are unable to use stairways. The reliable operation of these systems requires independent emergency power supplies, safe refuge areas, and clearly defined operational procedures. In addition, training building occupants and staff on the proper use of this equipment is essential. Although measures such as installing fire service elevators and providing protected spaces have improved safety to some extent, significant challenges remain in meeting the needs of elderly individuals and those with mobility limitations. The widespread use of this technology in Iran requires the development of localized standards and further specialized research. This study recommends developing comprehensive regulations for the design, installation, and operation of evacuation elevators, implementing training programs for building managers and emergency personnel, and conducting periodic inspections to ensure the safe operation of these systems. Implementing these measures can significantly enhance the safety of high-rise buildings and reduce risks during emergencies.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Given the growing importance of the concept of place attachment in the field of environmental psychology and the widespread impacts of globalization on individuals’ relationships with their living environments, this study investigates the factors influencing attachment to home in the city of Sanandaj. Based on existing theories, place attachment is defined as a multidimensional concept encompassing spatial dimensions (architectural and urban design characteristics), human dimensions (social and relational characteristics), and functional dimensions (services and facilities), and it plays a significant role in enhancing individuals’ quality of life. The main objective of this study is to identify and explain the relationship between the individual characteristics of Sanandaj residents and their level of attachment to home, using standardized measurement instruments and rigorous data analysis conducted with SPSS software. The findings of this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors influencing the formation and strengthening of attachment to home and provide practical strategies and effective policy recommendations for improving the quality of life of urban residents and creating more sustainable and desirable residential environments.
Methods: This study employed an analytical-survey research design using a questionnaire as the primary data collection instrument. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 26. Statistical tests were selected according to the type and measurement level of the variables. Accordingly, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine relationships between quantitative variables, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to assess relationships between quantitative and ordinal variables, and the Mann–Whitney U test to compare distributions between two independent groups. All variables used in this study, except for the city of residence, were coded as ordinal variables based on a Likert scale. City of residence was treated as a nominal variable. The study population consisted of all residents of the city of Sanandaj. Using convenience sampling, a total of 216 participants were selected. Data were collected using both paper-based and online questionnaires. The paper questionnaires were distributed at three different locations, while the online questionnaires were disseminated through the social media platforms Telegram and WhatsApp. The main eligibility criteria for participation were being at least 15 years old and providing voluntary consent to participate in the study.
Findings: This study, based on the analysis of 182 valid questionnaires (52.7% male and 47.3% female), revealed that attachment to home increased with participants’ age. However, Spearman’s correlation analysis showed a significant negative relationship between attachment to home and both the number of years of residence in the home (ρ=−0.270, p<0.001) and the number of household members (ρ=−0.183, p<0.05). These findings indicate that longer periods of residence and a greater number of household members were associated with lower levels of attachment to home. In contrast, Pearson’s correlation analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between attachment to home and home environment description (r = 0.536, p<0.001). The coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.287, indicating that 28.7% of the variance in attachment to home could be explained by the home environment description measure. Furthermore, the Mann–Whitney U test revealed that married participants exhibited both higher levels of attachment to home (p<0.01) and more positive evaluations of their home environment (p< 0.05). These results particularly highlight the importance of marital status in strengthening attachment to home. The findings may contribute to the development of interventions and policies aimed at improving quality of life and enhancing place attachment in urban communities.
Conclusion: This study aimed to identify the variables influencing attachment to home and employed two standardized instruments: the Home Attachment Scale and the Home Environment Description measure. The findings indicated that the Persian versions of both instruments demonstrated satisfactory validity; however, it is recommended that negatively worded items be avoided in instruments designed to measure place attachment. Significant correlations were found between the items of the Home Environment Description measure and the Home Attachment Scale, suggesting that the former may also serve as a useful measure of attachment to home. Furthermore, age was positively associated with attachment to home, and married participants reported higher levels of home attachment, suggesting that family cohesion and emotional bonds may extend to the home environment itself. In contrast, attachment to home was negatively associated with both the length of residence and the number of household members. These relationships may be attributable to factors such as the deterioration of the home’s physical environment over time, culturally influenced preferences for modernization and renewal, and reduced access to personal space as the number of household members increases.

Abstract Synomorphy in architecture seeks the maximum synomorphy between the body, function and behavioral paradigm in line with the needs and perceptions of the residents and focuses on creating a positive experience for them. The function of the environment and the residents’ behavior, in an interactional relationship, is a common core between humans and the environment. Accordingly, the evaluation of synomorphy in behavioral settings helps us understand the efficiency of the environment. This study evaluates the effect of religious occasions (Christmas) on the formation of synomorphy in Jolfa, Isfahan. This is an applied study of a descriptive-analytical type performed using a qualitative-quantitative approach. Data were collected using document review, ethnography and field observations, especially through random observations within a targeted period of time - at three points in time before, at the beginning, and at the end of Christmas in three time periods: (9 to 12 in the morning), (14 to 17 in the afternoon) and (19 to 22 at night) and then they were analyzed. The field observations in Jolfa neighborhood of Isfahan shows that there are differences in the behavioral and social paradigm between the periods under research (ritual occasion period and normal days) and this factor affects the efficiency of the current uses in the area under investigation. The results of this study show that ritual occasions can significantly strengthen and stabilize the synomorphy paradigm. These occasions also lead to the emergence of certain patterns of behavior, activities, and changes in the environment, which may affect the behavior and different elements of the environment. In this regard, the synomorphy of the studied area can be increased through solutions such as modifying the urban furniture layout and increasing the quality and behavioral capabilities of urban walls.

Abstract The discourse of the history of modern architecture based on Hegel's historicism formulates a stylistic narrative of the past of architecture. This narrative was revised and reconsidered in the period of post-modernism by the discourse of reconstruction architecture that was raised with the works and ideas of American architects in the eighties. The main goal of this research is to understand the discourse of history in contemporary architecture. The question of the research is what is the view of the ideas of deconstruction on the discourse of architectural history? And what is the way of dealing with history in the works of deconstruction architecture?
The research method of this article is qualitative content analysis, which usesLaclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis method. Based on this method of discourse analysis, in the works of deconstruction architecture by Peter Eisenman and Daniel Libeskind, the semantic system of the Hegelian architectural history discourse of the modern era is deconstructed or deconstructed based on finding components such as as Central signifiers Floating signifiers n and the concept of articulation as a text. Then, based on the results, the discourse of history in constructionist architecture has been explained and its characteristics compared to the discourse of history in the modern period and its narration have been examined.
The investigations showed that the main framework of the history of deconstructive architecture was formed based on a discourse of history in the period of postmodernism with the title of critical history. This discourse reproduces the history of architecture based on a non-linear, discrete and non-causal, anti-structural, and centrism narrative, and finally, it was categorized into four levels of critical encounter with the concept of history: general history, history of the site of the work (Palimpsest), macro-narrative of the history of architecture and Historical signs.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, identifying architectural patterns that contribute to the improvement of autism-friendly environments is considered important. Statistical research at the national level also shows that most of the centers designed for autistic children are either unsuitable in terms of environmental effects, standards, and structural criteria, or are designed without considering the impact that architecture and the environment can have on facilitating communication. Autistic children experience the physical environment very differently than others, and in educational spaces for typical children, they often experience fear and anxiety. This becomes a major obstacle to their education and treatment. This research focuses on the effectiveness of architecture and environment design based on sensory integration for children with autism. It aims to enhance sensory processing, providing opportunities for these children to better manage sensory inputs and improve motivation for behavior. This approach has already been confirmed by researchers in the field. The main goal of this research is to present a structural model for the design of educational center environments based on sensory integration, suitable for the sensory and cognitive needs of children with autism. The objective is to facilitate better treatment and management of autistic children by addressing behavioral disorders and challenges. The secondary goal is to evaluate this model in the physical context of the Bushehr Autism Center for children aged 4-7 with autism. Due to the lack of suitable educational centers for autistic children and the absence of research on this topic in Bushehr province, the aforementioned study sample was chosen as the focusing criterion of the research.
Methods: In this study, a descriptive-analytical and semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test design, including two control and experimental groups, was applied. The research process was based on a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach, and data collection was conducted in two parts: theoretical (using document sources to develop the model) and field-based (evaluating the model on the physical basis of the Bushehr Autism Center by applying changes to the educational environment of the experimental group). The statistical population and sample size were determined for two groups: educators and children aged 4-7 years at the Bushehr Autism Center. This was done by observing both the experimental and control groups, and by surveying 18 teachers and specialists at the center about the overall progress of 18 children (9 children in each group) before and after the experimental period through completed questionnaires. For data analysis, the reliability of the questionnaire was first measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and the data distribution was assessed through skewness and kurtosis criteria. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation) and inferential methods (Levene’s test and analysis of covariance) were then applied using SPSS 26 software.
Findings: The findings showed a significant relationship between “designing the environment of educational centers based on sensory integration” and “treatment and management of the behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder.” This important result confirms the effectiveness of the structural model in sensory environment design for improving the sensory condition and behavioral symptoms of autistic children. Additionally, by examining the relationship between autism symptoms and the cognitive abilities of these children in relation to their proper perception and recognition of the environment, it was determined that the disorder in the cognitive process of autistic children is in three areas: “sensory-motor” skills, “social-communicative” skills, and “cognitive-gestalt” skills. These can be addressed in design. By examining global examples, literature, and research foundations, this study developed three architectural models, “Multi-Sensory,” “Neuro-Typical,” and “Space Sequence,” in line with the structural model for the design of autism educational centers. The first model, considering the sensory and motor disorders of autistic children, focuses on the simultaneous stimulation and targeted control of various senses in a controlled process. The second model, addressing the social and communication disorders of these children, simulates social situations with an emphasis on behavioral patterns within the environment. The third model, in response to cognitive and gestalt disorders, emphasizes an organized spatial structure, simple and transparent zoning in the environment, and the sensory significance of different areas.
Conclusion: Based on the results and studies, autistic children are greatly influenced by the sensory inputs created by their environment, and they need a structured and suitable architectural environment that can address their sensory issues and challenges. An architectural design based on the sensory integration approach, in addition to controlling and reducing distractions, can significantly enhance attention and concentration in autistic children. By stimulating the nervous system, it can generally improve sensory registration weaknesses and sensitivities. In general, considering the sensory processing deficits and disabilities of autistic children, it is essential to incorporate the sensory integration approach into architectural planning to create successful and desirable educational center environments. Therefore, according to the structural model presented in this study, which was developed based on the sensory needs of children with autism, the environment can be organized optimally to regulate sensory inputs by understanding the mechanisms of these sensory disabilities and the subsequent needs of affected children. By controlling the sensory input levels and their effect on the environmental feel and perception processes, it impacts the children’s central processing system. This, in turn, helps children adapt and align better with the environment, enhancing their focus in educational centers and facilitating the treatment and management of their behavior.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Among the most important heritage buildings left from the past in the historical cities of Iran are schools. Many historical schools have remained within heritage sites, but due to changes in educational systems and the construction of modern schools in the past century, only some of these buildings continue to function as religious seminaries and schools of religious sciences. A large number of these buildings, some of which have been restored, remain unused. Considering the spatial and physical capacities of Iranian school architecture, it seems possible to recreate these buildings and transform them into new educational spaces that not only meet the spatial needs of modern educational methods but also preserve sustainable cultural and identity values in the contemporary era. This study aims to analyze the physical capacities of three historical schools in the city of Isfahan to explore their potential for adaptive reuse.
Methods: In this study, after identifying the components of the criteria for evaluating the building and spaces, based on a quantitative research method, 20 architects who have conducted research in the field of historical architecture of Iran were asked to assess the criteria. Then, considering that the semantic differential scale is one of the quantitative methods for measuring people’s concepts and can clarify the presence or absence of a desired concept or quality in people’s perception, the obtained data was first analyzed using the semantic differential scale method to highlight the differences between criteria in a comparative context more clearly. The evaluation of the data was done on a bipolar scale with a seven-point spectrum ranging from -3 to 3. The ten building quality measurement criteria, extracted from the theoretical framework of the research, were arranged in pairs of opposite traits so that the respondents could provide clearer answers to the questions. This was done because, in the five studied historical monuments, each trait has a limit, and the comparison of the criteria is more effective when the contrast of prominent traits is present. Afterward, with the help of statistical tests, the correlation coefficient of the components was evaluated and analyzed.
Findings: In the comparative analysis of the studied schools, it is revealed that in the two schools of Sheykh Abdulhossein and Shafiyyeh, five criteria of natural light, natural ventilation, air temperature regulation, creating silence and peace, and green space are extremely weak. The components of safety and security, and beauty and decoration, on the other hand, are generally rated high, and similar evaluations can be found across all five historical buildings. The utilization of spatial capacities and the potential for functional planning are present in all the buildings, although this potential is less in Shafiyyeh School compared to the others. Movement circulation is favorable in all buildings except Shafiyyeh School, and the variety of materials is also less in Shafiyyeh and Memarbashi buildings than in the others.
Considering that the data showed a strong correlation between the three components of benefiting from natural daylight, natural air ventilation, and natural air temperature regulation through Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the quadratic fitting of nonlinear trends for these components was calculated and is shown in the corresponding graphs. According to the diagrams, whenever a space has windows or doors opening to the central courtyard, it benefits from natural ventilation. In other words, the means of benefiting from natural air are the windows, and the spaces do not have the possibility of absorbing light or air through other means. In traditional Iranian architecture, the concept of a “false window” is rarely seen, as all windows are operable and allow the use of outside air.
Conclusion: Adaptive reuse, as one of the most efficient approaches to historical buildings and structures, addresses today’s needs while preserving the identity of past spaces. It aims to create added value in urban living environments and optimize the use of heritage buildings. This approach has received serious attention in contemporary urban planning, becoming a significant chapter in both macro and detailed urban plans.
To achieve this, it was necessary to first extract and derive the measurement criteria from the theoretical foundations of the research. Ultimately, the ten criteria provided a framework for studying the buildings. The reliability of the questionnaire confirmed that the extracted criteria are dependable and can clarify answers to the research question regarding the adaptive reuse capacities of buildings.
The findings indicate that in historical schools with a central courtyard plan, the supply of light, air, and temperature regulation in the classrooms is provided through openings facing the courtyard, and these three components are interrelated. It is important to note that in the adaptive regeneration and transformation of traditional schools into new educational spaces, light supply can be separated from the air circulation, thus providing more comfortable conditions.
Expansive plans with spatial complexity, such as those seen in Rahim Khan or Sheykh Abdulhossein schools, may create contradictory conditions during the new reuse. The complexity of the plan and the presence of multiple spatial capacities, while one of the most important features in new spatial planning, may also distort communication routes to the outside of the building. In the event of an emergency, this can reduce the safety factor of the building. Therefore, attention must be given to the issue of emergency exits in reuse plans. This is especially important in Iran, where the tradition of constructing buildings is introspective, and the central courtyard limits the communication of spaces with the outside. Consequently, emergency exits, particularly during fires and earthquakes, must be considered in the design.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the essential skills architecture students need to succeed in their careers is the ability to collaborate and work in teams cooperatively. However, this skill is often neglected in the education system of architecture schools. As a result, after graduation, students realize that design is not an individual task and that they need to collaborate with others to move forward. Successful cooperation in architectural design requires teaching social and teamwork skills in design courses. Therefore, design education needs a shift towards a more collaborative approach. In this study, students first design individually using the traditional method, and then a collaborative design and teamwork model is introduced in workshops. Finally, these two methods are compared from the perspectives of both professors and students, and the key components of the collaborative education model are identified. The aim of this article is to describe the implementation and evaluation of the collaborative education model in architectural design courses.
Methods: This study evaluates the nature, outcomes, and effectiveness of the collaborative teaching method in architectural design courses. To achieve this, the study focuses on students in the Architectural Design Studio III at Azad University of Ardabil during the second semester of 2018. Two different teaching methods were tested: one is the traditional method of teaching architectural design, and the other is the collaborative teaching method. Two student groups were formed: one group participated in a ten-day course on the principles of participation, while the other group did not. The students in both groups were randomly selected. The results of these two experiences were then compared. Based on Linda Groth’s seven general strategies for research methods, the “causal-comparative” strategy was identified as the most appropriate research method for this study. Data collection was carried out by grouping students, working on a design topic, and conducting group evaluations. Tools such as “task scheduling,” “feedback essays,” and “peer evaluation” were used. The outcomes of the collaborative learning experience were assessed through questionnaires completed by students and professors. In the analysis phase, the responses were evaluated using an inductive approach.
Findings: The effectiveness of the collaborative design learning method was evaluated from both the students’ and refereeing professors’ perspectives. The results of the initial questionnaire (before implementing the collaborative learning method) revealed that students recognized the benefits of design teamwork but also perceived some weaknesses, which they identified as the main reason for decreased productivity in design teamwork. After implementing the collaborative method for both groups (the first group participated in the ten-day training course, and the second group did not), the results of the second student questionnaire showed that, with the proper implementation of this method in the architectural design workshop, the disadvantages of the method were minimized, and its benefits became more apparent. Additionally, the groups that participated in the ten-day training workshop performed better, had more positive evaluations of the method’s effectiveness, and encountered fewer challenges during the semester. The evaluations from the professors who judged the method were consistent with the students’ views. They rated the results of the group work as better and confirmed the improvement in students’ social and communication skills. They also positively evaluated the ten-day training course and their participation as effective ways to introduce students to the principles of collaboration and believed that the way students cooperated with their peers, responded to group work challenges, and presented their final results was better in the group that participated in the course compared to the other group.
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the collaborative teaching method enhanced students’ interaction and participation in the design process, improved their learning capacity, and boosted their motivation, communication, and social skills. This method also prepared them to face future challenges in the architectural profession. By integrating the different perspectives, interests, and personalities of group members, it offers a more comprehensive view of various aspects of design work. Students are also challenged to divide tasks, schedule the project, coordinate among members, and prepare for working on large projects in the profession. The various critiques of the design work during the process provide a deeper understanding of the design itself, helping students share their knowledge and increase their learning capacity through collaborative learning strategies.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: According to the World Health Organization, health is a multi-dimensional issue that, in addition to the physical aspect, includes mental and psychological dimensions. The goal of designing therapeutic spaces, beyond providing medical services, should be to address the mental and psychological needs of users—an aspect that has not yet been fully considered. Recently, in addition to the general population, depression has become increasingly common among patients with physical illnesses such as COVID-19, heart disease, lung conditions, diabetes, and others. This research aims to identify and categorize the physical characteristics that are effective in reducing the level of depression in the design of therapeutic spaces, and to determine the dominant mental pattern among expert professors in the fields of architecture and psychology. Methods: This study adopts a descriptive-survey research method. The process of identifying factors that influence the reduction of depression involved three main phases: content analysis of existing literature and documents, a two-stage Delphi survey, and exploratory factor analysis of the Q type to recognize and classify the mental patterns of experts. In the first part of the Delphi survey, interviews were conducted with fifteen experts in the fields of architecture and psychology, and the opinions of expert professors who were available at the time of the study were used. In the second part, twenty people participated in two stages through a closed questionnaire to analyze the Q factor. Findings: To check the content validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of five architecture experts were used. The questionnaire was distributed among them, and based on their feedback, items were added or removed. Therefore, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the experts’ questionnaire was 0.716, indicating good reliability. Bartlett’s KMO test, with a value of about 0.7 and a significance level less than 0.05, confirmed the adequacy of sampling for this analysis. To ensure accuracy in calculations and due to the non-uniformity of participants in each component, the average response to the questions of each component was used to calculate the total variance. According to the scree chart, perceived factors were identified among 20 participants. The data matrix was rotated, and the factor loading of each individual was determined. In the end, the most important factors affecting the reduction of patients’ depression were identified, categorized, and named by the experts. Conclusion: In the end, according to experts, six dominant mental patterns were extracted: logical sequence, nature-oriented space, diverse space, targeted sociable space, safe space, and visual comfort. These are used by architects in the design of therapeutic spaces and are reflected in the final outcome. A nature-oriented space should be able to incorporate various elements such as still and flowing water on the site, the presence of water at different levels, the sound system and the effect of water, diversity of vegetation, and the use of plants at different levels. These factors can reduce patients’ internal psychological stress and increase their vitality. A targeted social space plays an important role in fostering social interactions among patients. Considering elements such as creating a purposeful open collective space for patients’ physical activity and designing for environmental interactivity can lead to meaningful social connections among patients. Additionally, an appropriate recreational and sports area should be provided next to the treatment space to facilitate interaction between patients and medical staff and to prevent personal harm. Spatial diversity—through varied materials for surface finishes, diversity in exterior, intermediate, and interior spaces, as well as variety in texture, material, color, and lighting—creates dynamism, movement, and vitality. Using these elements in both interior and exterior space design helps reduce anxiety, internal pressure, and social stress, and enhances liveliness. Visual comfort in hospitals should ensure the visual and physical ease of patients. This includes components such as appropriate views and landscapes, ambient lighting, light control, shadowed areas, light play, and energy efficiency for temperature and ventilation control. Logical sequence within the structural system of enclosed spaces should support patient well-being and reduce external stress in treatment areas. It is essential to establish continuity and logical connections between entrance spaces, waiting areas, and inpatient and surgical departments. A safe space should enhance both the physical and psychological safety of patients in treatment environments, while reducing external and social pressures. The use of these patterns can shape the final processing elements in the design process and lead to the development of architectural products, which here are therapeutic spaces.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Urban space serves as a stage for social life, bringing together citizens regardless of their race, age, or profession, and breaking down social boundaries to present a display of the city’s social life. Since the quality of urban spaces directly affects the level of people’s engagement within them, creating high-quality urban spaces is considered one of the key responsibilities of architects and urban planners. In fact, the awareness of construction industry professionals, especially architects and urban planners, about the direct impact of each building on the quality of the surrounding urban space is essential to achieving a city with high-quality public spaces. This study aims to identify the role of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan as an influential element in the surrounding urban space, focusing on how it contributes to enhancing both the physical and non-physical qualities of the area. The authors believe that the findings of this research, in addition to highlighting the ability of buildings to enhance urban public spaces as small urban components, can serve as a valuable case study for further research by architects and urban planners interested in this topic. Methods: In this study, the prominent entrances of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan on the west, north, and east sides of the building—connecting the architectural space to the urban spaces of Hakim Mosque Street, Bagh-e-Qalandar Passage, and Hakim Mosque Alley, respectively—were selected for a more detailed study. The research method was a semi-structured interview, and the data collected from interviews with 160 citizens present in the urban space around the Hakim Mosque at different times during the week were summarized using Maxqda software. The data were then categorized in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to facilitate the study and analysis of the results. Findings: The data extracted from the interviews were compiled and presented in the form of 24 coherent concepts as examples of the architectural role of the Hakim Mosque in enhancing the quality of the surrounding urban space. These 24 concepts were then consolidated and presented as 12 criteria representing the architectural impact. These criteria include: the role of architecture in promoting culture in urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, the role of architecture in engaging human senses in urban space, the role of architecture in adding decorations to urban space, the role of architecture in restoring visual harmony in urban space, the role of architecture in controlling access from urban space, the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in mixing compatible uses in urban space, the role of architecture in creating safe zones in urban space, the role of architecture in providing safety in urban space, and the role of architecture in ensuring climate comfort in urban space. In the final stage of categorizing the research results, the axial codes were grouped into four main categories (selective coding): perceptual components, spatial components, physical components, and functional components. Conclusion: Since the examples related to the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, and of course the role of architecture in creating safe zone urban space were the most repeated among the interviewees’ opinions regarding the role of architecture in Isfahan Hakim Mosque in adding quality to the urban space around it, these four components can be considered as the strengths of the architecture of Isfahan Hakim Mosque in constructive interaction with the urban space around this building and focused on it to extract architectural solutions for application in planning, designing, and implementing new buildings. Furthermore, based on the research findings and in order to achieve the twelve components extracted from it, the authors explain how the factors affecting construction at three levels of legislation (including the municipal organization, the urban development organization, the national building regulations organization, the building engineering system, etc.), education and culture (including universities and educational institutions, architectural competitions, media, newspapers, etc.), and factors involved in the design and implementation process (including the designer and executive forces) are influential. For example, we can mention “the use of technical committees to guide the design process of new building facades” at the legislative level, “emphasis on the country’s national, cultural, and historical values in the process of training specialized personnel” at the level of education, and “regular study of landmark architectural works in the past and present world in order to increase the level of expectations of the quality of the living space” at the level of the public who involved in the design and implementation process. The examples related to the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, and the role of architecture in creating safe zones in urban space were the most frequently mentioned in the interviewees’ opinions. These opinions were specifically about the role of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan in enhancing the quality of the surrounding urban space. As a result, these four components can be considered as the strengths of the architecture of the Hakim Mosque. They reflect its constructive interaction with the urban space around the building. These strengths can be used to focus on extracting architectural solutions for application in the planning, design, and implementation of new buildings. Furthermore, based on the research findings and in order to achieve the twelve extracted components, the authors explain how factors affecting construction influence three levels: legislation (including the municipal organization, urban planning organization, national building regulations organization, engineering system, etc.), education and culture (including universities, educational institutions, architectural competitions, media, newspapers, etc.), and factors involved in the design and execution process (including the designer and executive staff). For example, at the legislative level, “the use of technical committees to guide the design process of new building facades” can be mentioned; at the educational level, “emphasizing the national, cultural, and historical values of the country in training specialized personnel” is important; and at the level of the public involved in the design and implementation process, “the regular study of landmark architectural works from the past and present to increase the expectations for the quality of living spaces” should be emphasized.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Throughout the history of human thought, numerous theories have emerged concerning the essence of architecture, its fundamental components, and the role and significance of each element. These theoretical perspectives have profoundly influenced how architecture is conceptualized, practiced, and taught. Dominant paradigms such as formalism and strict functionalism, for example, often reduce architecture to a purely visual or utilitarian construct—one that functions merely as a physical container for human activity. Such reductionist views tend to overlook the fixed and multidimensional nature of human beings, whose needs extend beyond the material to encompass emotional, sensory, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. As a result, these perspectives fall short of addressing the full richness of human experience and hinder architecture’s potential to contribute to human flourishing. Among the elements that have been neglected or insufficiently explored in many of these modern approaches is the concept of “geometry.” Far more than a technical or decorative tool, geometry has historically served as a foundational and generative principle in architecture—one that organizes space, creates harmony, and reflects deeper metaphysical realities. This research seeks to re-examine the role of geometry within the broader system of creation, and by extension, within architectural design, through the lens of Islamic philosophy and thought. By adopting this holistic and spiritually grounded framework, the study aims to uncover the true ontological and functional status of geometry in architecture. Ultimately, it aspires to contribute to a richer pedagogical and practical approach to architectural education and design—one that is aligned with the innate nature of human beings and supports a more meaningful, purposeful built environment.
Methods: Initially, the research examines the definition and position of geometry across various human schools of thought. Using an interpretive-analytical approach and authentic Islamic sources, the study identifies this concept and its place within the system of existence, including architecture, thereby shaping the theoretical framework of the research. Through logical reasoning, the roles of geometry in architecture are extracted from this theoretical framework. For a comprehensive understanding, the four causes of geometry in architecture are identified and examined through a case study of the “House of Kaaba,” a manifestation of divine architecture.
Findings: The indicate the following:
- Efficient Cause: Geometry organizes architectural elements into a unified whole for human use, aiming for the perfection of human life.
- Final Cause: Geometry conveys meaning aligned with the architectural function, guiding individuals towards worship and understanding.
- Material Cause: The element of “space,” which must possess specific characteristics and features in each building, proportional to its function and human perceptual powers.
- Formal Cause: The limiting and distinguishing aspects of space (such as floors, ceilings, and exteriors), which must be proportionate to the building’s function and intended meaning, leading to the creation of a unique internal and external volume, decorated with appropriate arrangements.
Conclusion: This research underscores the profound significance of geometry in the realm of architecture, particularly through the lens of Islamic thought. By exploring the theoretical foundations and practical applications of geometry, the study reveals its essential role as the primary generator and organizer of architectural elements. The identification of the four causes—efficient, final, material, and formal—provides a comprehensive understanding of how geometry shapes and enhances architectural design. The case study of the Kaaba exemplifies the divine and functional aspects of geometry, demonstrating its capacity to harmonize architectural elements, convey meaningful symbolism, and create spaces that cater to both human perceptual powers and spiritual needs. This holistic approach not only enriches the sensory and spiritual dimensions of human life but also offers a robust framework for contemporary architectural practice. Ultimately, this research advocates for a renewed emphasis on geometry in architectural education and design, promoting a more integrated and meaningful approach that aligns with the holistic nature of human existence.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, the integration of new technologies in architectural education will lead to improved learning, improved student skills, increased participation, greater creativity, more positive attitudes toward courses and future careers, and greater interest and participation of instructors in classes. In the current era, one of the most significant emerging technologies in architectural education and the training of professional architects is Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM represents a major advancement in the fields of architecture and construction, marking a shift from traditional two-dimensional drawings to intelligent three-dimensional models that are goal-oriented and data-driven. Unlike conventional design environments that rely on geometric shapes such as lines, squares, and circles, BIM utilizes architectural components like walls, doors, and windows, offering a more integrated and realistic design process. Considering the growing importance of applying such technologies in architectural education, the aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity for adopting new technologies, with a particular emphasis on BIM, in architectural education at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University.
Methods: This study employs a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, with an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature. For data analysis, Structural Equation Modeling using AMOS software and Q factor analysis using SPSS software were utilized. The statistical population includes architecture students and professors from Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University. Based on the Cochran formula, the student sample size for each university was determined to be 384 individuals. For professors, using a purposive Delphi method, the sample size was set at 8 for each university. In the first phase of the study, the components influencing architectural education, specifically in relation to the BIM model, were identified. Following this, architecture students were surveyed to assess the quality of each of these components, and the results were evaluated through structural equation modeling using AMOS software. The identified components include educational content (EC), educational process (EP), and institutional capacity and professors (ICP). Additionally, to explore the factors affecting the acceptance of new technologies such as BIM in architectural education, interviews were conducted with professors from the universities under study, and the findings were analyzed using Q factor analysis in SPSS.
Findings: The research findings show that, in the context of integrating new technologies such as BIM into architectural education, the critical values for all three variables of educational content, educational process, and institutional capacity and professors at Istanbul Technical University were above 1.96, indicating a statistically favorable condition at the 95% confidence level. In contrast, at Tabriz Islamic Art University, only the variable related to institutional capacity and professors exceeded the critical value of 1.96, while both educational content and educational process were found to be in an unfavorable state.
In addition to the quantitative assessment of architectural education at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University—focusing on the teaching of specialized new technologies such as BIM—interviews were also conducted with students to gather qualitative insights.
Conclusion: Studies conducted at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University indicate that BIM technology has not yet been incorporated into the architectural educational content at either university. However, given the existing capacity at Istanbul Technical University, the integration of this technology is feasible. Considering the necessity of adopting new technologies in architecture and the importance of training professional architects, it is essential to enhance the educational content, educational processes, and the capacities of universities and their faculty to improve students’ competencies in architectural principles and their ability to engage with various models and methodologies.
While Istanbul Technical University possesses the full capacity to support this process, Tabriz Islamic Art University faces fundamental shortcomings, particularly in its educational content and teaching processes.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The household, as a complex network of architectural structures, objects, technologies, energy flows, concepts, and humans, has always been subject to change. Each of these agents, as active actors, have always played a role in changing the home and domestic spaces. Recognizing the agency and role of each of these actors in the home network and its changes can help to better understand the household as a dynamic and multidimensional institution. While some of these actors are very simple and have lesser roles and effects in the home network, others are very complex. These complex actors can cause changes in the material and non-material environment around them from various aspects Television is one of the most complex actors in the household network, having introduced significant changes to the form, function, and meaning of the home since its advent. A key reason for its importance lies in the fact that, unlike most other domestic elements, television encompasses both a material and a content-based dimension and the content-based aspect is even more important than its material aspect. Despite the crucial significance of this content dimension, this study focuses on the material aspect of television, aiming to explore the role of television’s material culture and the extent of its agency in domestic transformations.
While this subject can be explored across different cultural contexts and temporal-spatial frameworks, this research specifically investigates the role of television in shaping the houses of Tehran’s middle-class during the first two decades following its introduction in Iran, that is, from the establishment of the first television network in Tehran in 1958 until the Iranian Revolution in 1978.
Methods: This research employs ethnographic methods and thematic analysis. Three primary sources of data were utilized: interviews with residents of Tehran during the specified period, photographs from family photo albums, and textual and visual content from lifestyle magazines of that era.
First, using a purposive and criterion-based sampling method, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty individuals who lived in Tehran during the specified time period and owned a television set at the time. Family photographs were collected from three sources: participants’ personal photo albums, the researchers’ open search through various individuals’ family albums, and publicly available photos found on the internet and virtual social networks.
Regarding lifestyle magazines, data were gathered from four publications: Ettelā’āt-e Bānuvān, Ettelā’āt-e Māhāne, Ettelā’āt-e Haftegi, and Zan-e Rooz, all from the relevant time frame. Finally, all collected data were thematically analyzed using Atlas.ti software.
Findings: The findings indicate that in the early years, television faced various internal and external forms of resistance, most notably ideological and economic, when it was introduced to the middle-class homes in Tehran. Despite these challenges, television quickly found its way into homes, thanks to several key factors that helped make it a normal part of everyday domestic life. Among the most significant of these drivers were the connection it created between the outside world and the household, the domestication of leisure and entertainment, and the availability of television sets through installment payment plans. However, once inside the household, television encountered difficulties in finding a suitable and ideal placement due to the spatial organization of traditional Iranian houses. These houses were often characterized by closed floor plans and small, numerous, nested spaces. The absence of a large, central living area further exacerbated the challenge of integrating television into the domestic environment.
In the early years of television’s introduction, residents determined the placement of the television set through a process of trial and error, often guided by advice from popular magazines. In doing so, they took into account four main categories of considerations: functional, aesthetic, socio-cultural, and spatial. Thus, during this early period, the presence of the television set brought about numerous spatial, functional, and behavioral challenges, all of which required significant adjustments. The findings suggest that the material presence of television played an active role in driving these various spatial and structural changes within houses of the middle-class in Tehran.
Conclusion: In the first two decades following the introduction of television into the homes of Tehran’s middle-class, the presence of the television set played an active role in the occurrence of both material and immaterial changes within the spaces of these homes. Among these changes, one can note the transformation of certain concepts, such as inside-outside and public-private. These were concepts that had once been distinctly separated in domestic life and, consequently, in the architecture of Iranian homes, with clear and firm boundaries. However, with the advent of electronic media, particularly television, along with other agens not discussed here, these boundaries gradually became increasingly blurred.
The presence of television sets, along with the emergence of collective viewing behaviors and “television parties,” created a need for larger spaces that could serve as the main gathering area for the family while also accommodating guests who came to watch television. This need gradually led to a shift from closed floor plans to open ones, resulting in the integration of public spaces in new homes. The formation of a central hall, which eventually took on the role of the main living room, followed by the merging of the hall and guestroom to create the living/reception room, was a direct outcome of this shift.
As television became the central focus of home spaces, the empty area in front of the TV in typically unfurnished middle-class Iranian homes became the most important space for domestic activities. This transformation made television the key agent in organizing the public zone of homes.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and objectives: The study of agricultural heritage provides valuable insights into the indigenous perspectives on the interaction between human societies and the natural environment. Analyzing various dimensions of this heritage explains how natural resources were historically harnessed for subsistence. The limitations of past human capacities, coupled with the absence of advanced agricultural technologies, prompted innovative responses—transforming constraints into opportunities and developing environmentally adapted and efficient practices. Agricultural heritage encompasses a system of tangible and intangible values, manifesting in the physical forms of gardens, agricultural fields, and associated structures, as well as in non-material elements such as traditional farming techniques. Climatic diversiyt, historical developments, and culturally specific approaches to agricultural organization have contributed to the emergence of diverse agricultural heritage systems across different regions. In the contemporary context, the recognition and revitalization of agricultural heritage are critical not only for sustaining rural livelihoods but also for preserving  rural communities and the conservation of traditional ecological knowledge.
Methods: The revival of agricultural heritage values can contribute to tourism, landscape enhancement, environmental sustainability, and heritage preservation. However, a comprehensive understanding requires the recognition and study of both tangible and intangible aspects, as these aspects are interdependent. This qualitative research seeks to examine the agricultural heritage of a village, with a particular focus on farm-related buildings, through an integrated approach that considers both physical structures and non-physical cultural practices. In this context, a review of existing literature on agricultural heritage led to the selection of Vaneshan village as the case study. Over a three-year period, research was conducted on the village’s vernacular architecture and its agricultural heritage. Data were collected through field observations, surveys, and interviews, and were subsequently analyzed using a logical and interpretive framework.
Findings: The findings indicate that the agricultural heritage of Vaneshan village is shaped by two key climatic and geographical features: the Kohan Rud River and Deegah Mountain. Although the river does not directly supply irrigation water, its flow enhances the local groundwater, which feeds the village’s three qanats and their water sources. The alluvial soil along the riverbanks and the elevated groundwater levels make these areas significantly more suitable for cultivation compared to the steep mountain slopes, which demand more intensive irrigation. Conversely, the selection of the fortified mountain area for residential settlement reflects an intentional avoidance of high groundwater zones. Consequently, the village has expanded along the river, due to the agricultural potential of the plain and the natural barriers posed by Deegah Mountain. Two key architectural elements representing Vaneshan’s agricultural heritage are the Pigeon Tower and the Keche. The Pigeon Tower, beyond providing nutrient-rich manure for agriculture, also serves as a watchtower and acts as a dual function that distinguishes its form from similar structures in the region. The Keche, a temporary dwelling used during agricultural activity, plays a significant role in both the functional landscape and the visual character of the fields. It is considered a distinctive and valuable feature within the village’s agricultural heritage system.
Conclusion: In examining the agricultural heritage of Vaneshan village, it is essential to consider intangible cultural elements, such as traditional farming practices, irrigation methods, and harvesting techniques, as these inform and influence the physical characteristics of agricultural structures. A comprehensive and accurate understanding of agricultural heritage requires an integrated approach that includes both tangible and intangible dimensions. The Keche represents a form of temporary shelter used in the agricultural lands of Vaneshan during planting and harvesting seasons. Unlike permanent village dwellings, which serve as year-round residences, the Keche is used seasonally and remains unoccupied outside periods of agricultural activity. Despite its temporary function, the Keche reflects the architectural values found in Vaneshan’s historic homes, notably simplicity, minimalism, and proportionality. These three attributes help define the distinction between the permanent house and the seasonal Keche, and have their architectural and cultural boundaries.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The transition from tradition to modernity, which began about a century ago in Afghanistan, has deeply affected the core of society and, consequently, its architecture and urban fabric. The planned housing pattern in Kabul has been shaped by Afghanistan’s historical and political events, which have, in turn, influenced the city’s social structure. It is crucial to examine the evolution of housing within the socio-political context of Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, which serves as a model for these changes and reflects the country’s future needs. To design housing that is both suitable and compatible with user requirements, it is essential to study and analyze the various factors that influence housing development. This research aims to explore the relationship between the architectural transformation of housing and the changes in the socio-political structure of society, while also analyzing the factors affecting the transformation of planned housing in Kabul from the 1960s to 2021.
Methods: The research paradigm is qualitative, utilizing a survey method, a questionnaire with a Likert scale, and exploratory factor analysis to examine the impact of socio-political factors on the planned housing pattern of Kabul City. Initially, the historical, political, and social contexts of Afghanistan were considered to identify the components affecting Kabul’s planned housing. These components include population, immigration, social interactions, social groups, family structure, education, security, social justice, and political factors. To assess these socio-political components and determine the key factors driving the transformation of planned housing in Kabul over the past six decades, a survey methodology was used. This involved a 40-question questionnaire with a Likert scale, followed by data analysis. The questionnaire was administered using SPSS software version 26. The KMO value for this data set is 0.521, and the Bartlett’s test value exceeds 95% confidence, confirming the appropriateness of factor analysis for this data set.
Findings: The exploratory factor analysis method was employed to extract ten factors from the variables in the questionnaire, with eigenvalues greater than one. These factors accounted for more than 76% of the cumulative changes. In this analysis, variables with factor loadings greater than 0.4 were placed under the factor with the highest numerical value of factor loadings. The indicators placed under each factor and their conceptual analysis were used to determine the factor’s name, based on the factor’s common characteristics. The exploratory factor analysis of the socio-political components affecting planned housing development in Kabul city over the past six decades indicates that social interactions, internal politics, education and training, housing planning, social trends, social system, women and family, population decline, foreign policy population movement are the most significant factors influencing housing development.
Conclusion: The results of the research indicate that social interactions have had the greatest impact (21%) on the architectural evolution of planned housing in Kabul over the past six decades. The research findings reveal that key factors influencing planned housing in Kabul over the past decades include Afghanistan’s domestic policy (10.1%), education and training (8.5%), housing planning (8.5%), social trends (6.2%), the social system (5.5%), the role of women and family (4.7%), population decline (4.3%), foreign policy (3.9%), and population displacement (3.3%), among other factors. The impact of these factors has fluctuated significantly over time. The majority of changes in housing occurred during the last two decades, which coincided with the period of the Islamic Republic. In contrast, the impact on the planned housing construction process was negative during the period of the Islamic State and the period of the Islamic Emirate. The growth of urbanization in Kabul has increased significantly during the last two decades, with the population of the city increasing sixfold during this period. This has led to a corresponding increase in the construction of settlements, residential complexes, institutional and planned apartments, and high-rise buildings. Many of these constructions have been made in imitation of non-native and foreign examples without consideration of the social and cultural characteristics of the society. Additionally, the examination of the patterns of traditional and planned housing in Kabul City reveals that the aforementioned factors have led to alterations in architectural indicators, including housing typology, architectural style, mass and space ratio, spatial diversity, access method, gender-specific space, interior space organization, communication, horizontal and vertical circulation, architectural decorations and details, facades, materials, and techniques.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: A place is any environmental setting where individual or group actions, experiences, intentions, and meanings come together spatially. The physical and social interactions that shape a place and define its character and values can be understood through theories of place attachment. Educational environments, being key spaces for adolescent growth and development, are among the most important of these places. As these environments play a significant role in the lives of adolescents, who form emotional connections to them during their education, their design is especially important. Place attachment influences individuals’ behaviors, often driving them toward collective action aimed at improving the well-being of the community rather than personal gain, aligning with the spirit of community activism. Both tangible and intangible elements of a place evoke emotions in its users, fostering place attachment, strengthening social bonds, and encouraging protection of the space. Several theories on place attachment have been proposed, including Seamon’s place attachment theory. This research seeks to identify the components influencing place attachment in schools, specifically through the lens of Seamon’s attachment theory. The study aims to explore how Seamon’s “processes of place attachment (2012, 2014, 2015, 2018)” can enhance our understanding of place attachment in educational settings and inform school management practices.
Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical study. In order to achieve the research goals, the research began with an in-depth examination of Seamon’s place attachment theory through surveys and bibliographic review. Accordingly, key components influencing place attachment were identified and presented as a theoretical framework. These components were then prioritized and their relationships analyzed using confirmatory analysis. The statistical population comprised 7,404 7th-grade female students attending public schools in Municipal District 2 of Urmia during the 2022-2023 academic year, with a sample size of 365 determined by the Cochran formula. All students had been in these schools for at least three years. Simple random sampling was used to select the participants, and data was collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire.
Findings: Results indicated that, among the endogenous variables of Seamon’s attachment theory—such as place interaction, place identity, place release, place realization, place creation, and place intensification—the factors most influencing students’ place attachment were place intensification, place realization, and place creation. These three components accounted for 5% of the changes in place attachment. Place intensification and place creation explained 18% of the variance in place realization, and place intensification explained 3% of the variance in place creation. Additionally, the indirect effect of place creation on place attachment was positive and significant at the 0.01 level, with a value of 0.06, mediated through the physical characteristics of the place. Therefore, the body of place plays a mediating role in the relationship between place intensification and place attachment. This effect is introduced through place realization; therefore, place realization played a mediating role between place intensification and place creation. The total effect of place intensification on the sense of place attachment is 0.15 positive and significant at the 0.01 level.
Conclusion: This study provided deeper insights into place-based community groups and their motivations to either preserve or promote changes in place development and management. Each place requires a tailored approach to place management in order to effectively mobilize resources and partnerships. According to Seamon’s theory, place attachment is influenced by six main factors, divided into two categories: “Becoming of Place,” which includes place realization, place creation, and place intensification, and “Being of Place,” which includes place interaction, place identity, and place release. In this study, the effective factors in schools were identified, with place realization serving as a mediator between place intensification and place creation. Enhancing place intensification was found to boost place realization, which in turn enhanced place creation, ultimately improving place attachment. The indirect effect of place intensification on place realization was positive, with a value of 0.07, and significant at the 0.01 level.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: The historical bazaar is a critical and effective element in the formation of Iranian cities and represents a wide array of interconnected values. These values play a significant role in both the preservation of the bazaar and the development and promotion of tourism. However, insufficient protection of this heritage has led to the deterioration of some of its values, which, in turn, has resulted in a decline in tourism. Therefore, this study aims to explain protection strategies by recognizing and addressing the pathology of the essential values of the historical Tabriz Bazaar, with a focus on developing heritage tourism.
Methods: This research uses a mixed-methodology approach, with data collection conducted in both theoretical and practical dimensions, based on bibliographic and field studies. The theoretical aspect involved gathering data on key concepts such as architectural heritage, heritage values, and heritage tourism through a review of scientific literature, analysis of documents and international conventions, and examining the intellectual frameworks of scholars in the field of value protection of historical-cultural heritage. This was aimed at developing a conceptual model for understanding the subject. In the practical aspect, a questionnaire and interviews were used to measure and evaluate factors and variables derived from the theoretical framework. The statistical sample for the questionnaire comprised 384 tourists and citizens visiting the Tabriz Bazaar over a one-year period, selected using simple random sampling. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 30 business owners and 15 knowledgeable experts, chosen based on theoretical data saturation.
Findings: Quantitative data from the questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, inferential t-tests, and exploratory data analysis. Interviews were analyzed using content analysis, coding, and categorization. The results showed that, under the “urban value” variable, all indicators except for the urban role factor were found to be in unfavorable conditions, with a significance level of less than 0.05. For the “architectural value” variable, only the “compatibility” index had a significance value above 0.05 and a negative t-value, indicating unfavorable conditions. Indicators of “aesthetic value” showed better conditions, with a significance level below 0.05 and a positive t-value. Overall, the findings suggest that aesthetic values have experienced the least damage compared to other values, while urban values have suffered the most, with many urban development capabilities of the bazaar severely damaged or lost due to contemporary developments. Architectural values have also been impacted, though the damage was less severe compared to urban values. From the interviews, 160 codes related to tangible heritage values and 50 codes related to damages were identified. After categorization and removing duplicates, the codes were reduced to 118 and 22, respectively.
Conclusion: The interview results also confirmed the statistical findings, revealing that most of the remaining values of the bazaar are aesthetic, while many of the original urban and architectural values have suffered significant damage and continue to decline. If these issues are not addressed, these values will gradually deteriorate. The conclusion outlines practical solutions and recommendations for protecting and restoring the damaged urban, architectural, and aesthetic values of the Tabriz Bazaar by verifying the type of damage caused by the tangible valuesof the Tabriz Bazaar. It is expected that those working in architectural heritage protection will give greater consideration to the preservation and continuity of these historical-cultural identities, in light of the achievements and findings from studies in this field, to ensure that key heritage tourism sites in the region are not destroyed.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The history of Iranian-Islamic architecture is filled with remarkable and magnificent works created by artists who utilized geometric knowledge and principles. Geometry served as a common language among architects in designing these structures. With advancements in technology and new geometric knowledge, innovative design methods have emerged. Parametric architecture is one of the approaches that enables the exploration of relationships between masses and complex shapes within computer environments. Experts suggest that these architectural works stem from the application of parametric design thinking throughout the planning and design processes. However, examining these principles within architectural knowledge is challenging due to the diversity across various fields, including functional and structural and other aspects. This research focuses on this process as it pertains to temporary residences, such as caravanserais.
Methods: This research relies on bibliographic studies and computational methods to identify the geometric and mathematical principles used in the design of notable suburban caravanserais. The data are analyzed using reliable software that algorithmizes and simulates parametric problems, visually displaying results to support the hypothesis.
Findings: The findings indicate that artists skillfully controlled and recreated design principles according to the existing criteria and conditions of their time, resulting in remarkable works that fulfilled contemporary needs. The design process explored in this study is confined to producing square or rectangular plans, though this constraint can be adjusted by parameterizing the initial information to generate polygonal plans such as hexagons or octagons. This approach also elucidates several hexagonal and octagonal designs in Iranian-Islamic caravanserais, which closely resemble quadrilateral plans in spatial organization. A notable characteristic of Islamic architecture is its multi-functionality; Iranian-Islamic architecture produced “complete building forms” adaptable for various purposes. A single building plan might serve for both fortresses and caravanserais, often making it difficult to differentiate them by plan alone. Thus, the parametric framework established in this project can apply not only to caravanserai buildings but also to desert castles, palaces, and schools with similar designs. It is important to note that the diversity of Islamic architectural types means that the parametric order developed here does not claim to encompass all caravanserais. Rather, it offers a design approach rooted in Iranian-Islamic principles, analyzed through Grasshopper software using three case studies.
Conclusion: Parametric design is a design paradigm where the relationships between elements dictate the reproduction of geometry and complex forms, allowing the outcome of a system or equation to be modified by adjusting specific parameters and variables. The results indicate that this rule-based methodology aligns with the geometric design production techniques of Iranian-Islamic architecture. By introducing constituent parameters and employing algorithmization in Grasshopper software, the parameterization of the overall plans for four-balcony out-of-town caravanserais is validated. This conclusion can extend to caravanserai plans and similar building functions, such as schools, in other architectural styles, including double-sided and polygonal designs. Furthermore, the significant advancements in architectural technology allow designers to leverage the rich knowledge of historical architecture using contemporary programming languages. Consequently, applying parametric architecture principles and tools like Grasshopper enables programming based on crucial parameters that influence the creation and development of valuable architectural works. The principles and rules governing algorithm creation are derived from the knowledge of Iranian-Islamic architectural design, allowing for the development of algorithms in parametric language through the analysis of caravanserai plans.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The hot and humid region of Iran experiences extremely hot summers with high humidity, making it one of the most challenging climates globally. Analyzing the features of vernacular houses in these areas can offer valuable insights for modern housing design. One of the key challenges researchers encounter in architectural typology studies is selecting appropriate case studies. Bandar Kong, a coastal city along the Persian Gulf, features traditional houses with four main components: windcatchers, Sabat (shaded walkways), main rooms (living areas), and yards, along with non-living spaces. Understanding the organization of these elements can help develop a typology of vernacular houses in Bandar Kong.
Methods: One of the key applications of machine learning methods recently employed in architectural research is the measurement of similarity in architectural images. Categorizing and describing architectural features within each category is essential for identifying architectural types. Previous studies have utilized cosine similarity for measuring the similarity of architectural plans. Cosine similarity measurement criterion is particularly effective for evaluating sparse vectors and is commonly used in positive spaces with a range of [0,1]. Due to the diverse nature of architectural data, this method has proven effective for evaluating plan image similarities. The aim of this research is to apply machine learning techniques to select case studies and cluster the houses of Bandar Kong based on the shape and arrangement of windcatchers, sabat, courtyards, and living spaces. For this, Anaconda version 3.9 and Jupiter 6.4.5 were utilized. The cosine distance algorithm was employed to measure similarity in terms of shape and spatial relationships. The hierarchical algorithm, using the average linkage method, was used to extract and categorize the features of each plan.
Findings: According to the analysis, the architectural plans of Bandar Kong houses can be divided in 3 different clusters. Scatter diagrams of each cluster can shows characteristics of each cluster. According to the scatter diagram, the length, width, and height consistently fall within the ranges of 2.5-3.5 meters for length and width, and 9-9.5 meters for height. By analyzing the scatter diagram of the characteristics of each cluster, the following results have been extracted. In the first cluster, the windcatcher is located in the east, and the sabbat or courtyard is located on the west side of it. The main rooms are mostly located on the north side and the service spaces are located on the east and west sides. In the second cluster, the windcatcher is centrally placed on the west side of the house. Here, the plan layout tends to extend along a north-south axis, with living rooms positioned on both the west and east sides. In the third cluster, the windcatcher is located on the west side of the plan. In this category, the extension of the plans is mostly east-west. The northern side of the windcatcher typically features the Gatieh room, and in most plans in this group, the wind room connects to either the northern room or the Gatieh. According to the similarity measurement, the plans of Younesi, Golbat and Karchi houses have the highest shape similarity and spatial relationships with other plans.
Conclusion: Nowadays, with the growing volume of data and the complexity of data analysis, software solutions are increasingly used across various fields, including architecture, to minimize errors. One major challenge in architectural research is the classification and selection of case studies for analyzing architectural types. In this study, after evaluating the shape similarity and spatial relationships of architectural plans, the Younesi, Karchi, and Golbat houses were selected as case studies due to their highest similarity in both shape and spatial relations compared to other plans. Using a hierarchical classification method with average linkage, the plans were grouped into three main categories. The defining characteristics of each category were extracted from the charts and compared with the corresponding case study from each group. As a result, the Karchi house represents the first category, the Golbat house represents the second, and the Younesi house represents the third, with their respective features aligning closely with the extracted characteristics of each category.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The demand for mass housing has led to a focus on building structures while often neglecting the open spaces in residential complexes. Due to the educational and psychological importance of play and social interaction, children are particularly affected by the underutilization of these spaces. The lack of understanding of the concept of “Presence-ability,” which results in the creation of unplanned areas, highlights the urgent need to reevaluate the design of open spaces in residential complexes. This research aims to develop a model that demonstrates the relationship between the components of presence and the physical factors of residential complexes, as well as to understand the impact of each variable on “Presence-ability.” Drawing on previous studies and theories by Schultz and Heidegger, the research aims to identify the concept of presence, explore its components, and establish its connection to the physical characteristics of open spaces in residential complexes.
Methods: The research methodology consists of two distinct qualitative and quantitative stages. Initially, with qualitative approach, the study delves into existing literature and draws upon Schultz’s theory of ‘presence’ to differentiate it from the concept of ‘existence’. Subsequently, logical reasoning is utilized to explore the relationship between various dimensions of presence, such as function, comprehension and implementation, and then its subcomponents, including orientation, accustom, memory, and identification, in relation to physical factors within residential complexes. To ensure precise results and uncover correlations between variables, physical factors within residential complexes are categorized into fixed factors (mass and open space) and semi-fixed factors (outdoor furniture and children’s play equipment). Following this categorization, components are measured through a questionnaire distributed among selected complexes in Sari city, targeting parents of children residing in these complexes. Collected data is analyzed using Lertap software, with further examination conducted through multiple regression and ANOVA tests in SPSS software to assess the relationships between components within each case.
Findings: The research findings indicate that the “Presence-ability” of open spaces can be evaluated based on four key factors: orientation, familiarity, memory, and identification. Additionally, within these factors, the specific characteristics of the place and meaningful motifs in identification, spatial transparency and the sequence of signs in orientation, natural background, activities and events in memory, and recognition of physical changes along with the use of indicators in familiarity have the greatest impact on the “Presence-ability” of open spaces.
Conclusion: In conclusion, design solutions can be proposed based on the findings of the research to enhance the “Presence-ability” of open residential spaces for children, highlighting the significance of physical factors over non-physical ones. Key physical interventions may include removing visual obstacles such as trees, signs, and light poles, constructing a playground centrally or near residential blocks, installing lighting or other rhythmic elements, and creating guiding signs like color blocks, window frames, or façade materials to aid children’s orientation in the open space. Additionally, defining boundaries around the complex with walls, incorporating play equipment in various colors within the play area, and designing the play space with specific dimensions can help children personalize their surroundings. Other memorable elements could include the arrangement of blocks that encourage recreational activities and interactions among residents or peers, maximizing the use of green spaces through gardens, tree planting, and decorative pots, which can foster lasting memories for children. Finally, features such as fencing around playgrounds, allowing children to engage with their environment by planting flowers or modifying the playground to their liking, arranging play equipment in a peripheral layout, and constructing play areas with distinct geometric shapes are design solutions that can promote a sense of identification with the environment in children.