Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism(JIAU)

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Fortifications such as city walls and citadels allowed people to settle in their land and protected their lives from natural and human threats. The history of sedentism in the central plateau of Iran dates back to 10,000 years ago. In addition to this historical context, there are still surviving vernacular urban and architectural spaces in Iran. Meybod is a desert city located in the central plateau of Iran, where human settlement might have begun during the Medain period. The city was fortified with a city wall and a citadel known as Narin Castle. The advent of modern streets and the loss of significant parts of the city walls in recent decades have endangered the integrity and values of these structures. Meybod city wall and Sharistan are also facing these challenges. To ensure effective conservation, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of urban and architectural heritage is necessary, along with an explanation of the changes that have occurred over time. Therefore, the research focuses on the following problem: “How have the developments and transformations of Meybod Sharistan influenced the evolution and changes of Meybod city wall?” The following objectives are addressed:
• Understanding the transformations of Meybod city wall in interaction with the changes in Sharistan to form its current structure.
• Identifying the position of Meybod Sharistan and Meybod city wall in different historical periods.
Methods: This research employed a case study approach and a descriptive-analytical method. Bibliographic research was conducted by examining historical written sources, national and international documents and charters, as well as urban and regional development plans of Meybod. Other data sources, including aerial photographs, were also considered. The results of this research were presented through schematic illustrations and simulations of the current and initial conditions using 3D modeling software.
Findings: Meybod city wall is an integrated architectural complex within an enclosed environment. It is built from two main vernacular earthen materials: Khesht (adobe) and Chineh (mudbrick). Its form and layout follow the topography of the land, defining the boundaries of Sharistan between two elevated terraces to the south and north. 
Three of the four main gates, portions of the ditches, and 11 towers of the complex remain intact. In the south, the city wall merges with Narin Castle (the citadel) through a three-layered rampart. The city wall also features unique elements. One is Bagh Khandagh (ditch gardens), where the former ditches have been repurposed as gardens and farmland. Another distinctive feature is the Darbands, small gates that facilitate passage through the walls to the ditch gardens outside the city wall of Sharistan. The transformations of the city wall and Sharistan are categorized into distinct time periods. Based on the earliest reliable evidence of its foundation, the categorization begins with the Sassanian period:
1. Pre-Islamic Era to the 14th century (Sassanid Period): Sassanid cities were characterized by a citadel (Narin Castle) and city walls, which served as living areas for the ruler and high social classes, while lower classes lived outside the walls. The first foundation of the city wall was likely established during this period. The introduction of Islam to Iran led to the collapse of the Sassanid social hierarchy, and all social classes began living within the city walls of Sharistan, which included the citadel (Narin Castle), a Bazar (market), and the Jame Mosque. The city wall underwent significant restoration due to the Mongol invasion, and a northern gate was likely constructed during this time.
2. 14th century to the early 18th century (Muzaffarid Period to the Early Qajar Period): During the Muzaffarid period, the city’s importance increased due to its strategic location on the route from northern to southern Iran. As a result, it remained fortified, and the Kasnava gate was likely built. After the Muzaffarid period, the importance of the city wall gradually declined, although its conservation continued.
3. 18th century to 1925 (Qajar Period): During the Qajar period, modern concepts such as private property rights were introduced to Iran, which led to investment in real estate. Consequently, the city expanded northward, with ditch gardens and Darbands (small gates) created, along with the construction of private towers. The defensive role of the complex diminished, and the northern gate was replaced with a Sabat (an arched walkway or corridor).
4. 1925 to 1979 (Pahlavi Period): Urban planning concepts from the modern era were introduced to Iran. The first modern streets were built, disrupting the traditional urban fabric. City walls became obstacles to urban development, and the first street in Meybod was imposed, dividing the city into eastern and western sections.
5. Post-1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran): Modern construction and street development continued until the 1990s, during which the city walls were still regarded as an obstacle to development. The establishment of local NGOs, the inclusion of the historic city on heritage lists, and the development of urban plans that took heritage values into account led to restoration and conservation efforts. However, many of these activities were carried out with some errors.
Conclusion: The changes and transformations can be divided into three stages:
1. Formation and Expansion: This phase spans from the initial construction to the eve of the Qajar period, reflecting a close symbiosis between the city wall and the city itself. During this phase, the city wall served both as a protector and a boundary, while continuous expansion, repair, and construction took place.
2. Completion: The developments in this phase are attributed to the Qajar period, characterized by a situation in which the function of the complex was relatively preserved. As a result, the city wall continued to protect the city limits. Both the city and the city wall adapted to new needs and experienced internal growth.
3. Decline: This phase coincides with the arrival of modern urban development trends in the post-Qajar period. The original function of the city wall was lost, and it was no longer intertwined with the city. Consequently, it became an obstacle to urban growth. This paved the way for modern constructions and the demolition of parts of the city wall by the 1990s. Eventually, a shift in perspective occurred, and the city wall began to be recognized as a heritage site with historical and cultural significance.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, identifying architectural patterns that contribute to the improvement of autism-friendly environments is considered important. Statistical research at the national level also shows that most of the centers designed for autistic children are either unsuitable in terms of environmental effects, standards, and structural criteria, or are designed without considering the impact that architecture and the environment can have on facilitating communication. Autistic children experience the physical environment very differently than others, and in educational spaces for typical children, they often experience fear and anxiety. This becomes a major obstacle to their education and treatment. This research focuses on the effectiveness of architecture and environment design based on sensory integration for children with autism. It aims to enhance sensory processing, providing opportunities for these children to better manage sensory inputs and improve motivation for behavior. This approach has already been confirmed by researchers in the field. The main goal of this research is to present a structural model for the design of educational center environments based on sensory integration, suitable for the sensory and cognitive needs of children with autism. The objective is to facilitate better treatment and management of autistic children by addressing behavioral disorders and challenges. The secondary goal is to evaluate this model in the physical context of the Bushehr Autism Center for children aged 4-7 with autism. Due to the lack of suitable educational centers for autistic children and the absence of research on this topic in Bushehr province, the aforementioned study sample was chosen as the focusing criterion of the research.
Methods: In this study, a descriptive-analytical and semi-experimental research method with a pre-test and post-test design, including two control and experimental groups, was applied. The research process was based on a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach, and data collection was conducted in two parts: theoretical (using document sources to develop the model) and field-based (evaluating the model on the physical basis of the Bushehr Autism Center by applying changes to the educational environment of the experimental group). The statistical population and sample size were determined for two groups: educators and children aged 4-7 years at the Bushehr Autism Center. This was done by observing both the experimental and control groups, and by surveying 18 teachers and specialists at the center about the overall progress of 18 children (9 children in each group) before and after the experimental period through completed questionnaires. For data analysis, the reliability of the questionnaire was first measured using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and the data distribution was assessed through skewness and kurtosis criteria. Descriptive statistical methods (mean and standard deviation) and inferential methods (Levene’s test and analysis of covariance) were then applied using SPSS 26 software.
Findings: The findings showed a significant relationship between “designing the environment of educational centers based on sensory integration” and “treatment and management of the behavior of children with autism spectrum disorder.” This important result confirms the effectiveness of the structural model in sensory environment design for improving the sensory condition and behavioral symptoms of autistic children. Additionally, by examining the relationship between autism symptoms and the cognitive abilities of these children in relation to their proper perception and recognition of the environment, it was determined that the disorder in the cognitive process of autistic children is in three areas: “sensory-motor” skills, “social-communicative” skills, and “cognitive-gestalt” skills. These can be addressed in design. By examining global examples, literature, and research foundations, this study developed three architectural models, “Multi-Sensory,” “Neuro-Typical,” and “Space Sequence,” in line with the structural model for the design of autism educational centers. The first model, considering the sensory and motor disorders of autistic children, focuses on the simultaneous stimulation and targeted control of various senses in a controlled process. The second model, addressing the social and communication disorders of these children, simulates social situations with an emphasis on behavioral patterns within the environment. The third model, in response to cognitive and gestalt disorders, emphasizes an organized spatial structure, simple and transparent zoning in the environment, and the sensory significance of different areas.
Conclusion: Based on the results and studies, autistic children are greatly influenced by the sensory inputs created by their environment, and they need a structured and suitable architectural environment that can address their sensory issues and challenges. An architectural design based on the sensory integration approach, in addition to controlling and reducing distractions, can significantly enhance attention and concentration in autistic children. By stimulating the nervous system, it can generally improve sensory registration weaknesses and sensitivities. In general, considering the sensory processing deficits and disabilities of autistic children, it is essential to incorporate the sensory integration approach into architectural planning to create successful and desirable educational center environments. Therefore, according to the structural model presented in this study, which was developed based on the sensory needs of children with autism, the environment can be organized optimally to regulate sensory inputs by understanding the mechanisms of these sensory disabilities and the subsequent needs of affected children. By controlling the sensory input levels and their effect on the environmental feel and perception processes, it impacts the children’s central processing system. This, in turn, helps children adapt and align better with the environment, enhancing their focus in educational centers and facilitating the treatment and management of their behavior.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Among the most important heritage buildings left from the past in the historical cities of Iran are schools. Many historical schools have remained within heritage sites, but due to changes in educational systems and the construction of modern schools in the past century, only some of these buildings continue to function as religious seminaries and schools of religious sciences. A large number of these buildings, some of which have been restored, remain unused. Considering the spatial and physical capacities of Iranian school architecture, it seems possible to recreate these buildings and transform them into new educational spaces that not only meet the spatial needs of modern educational methods but also preserve sustainable cultural and identity values in the contemporary era. This study aims to analyze the physical capacities of three historical schools in the city of Isfahan to explore their potential for adaptive reuse.
Methods: In this study, after identifying the components of the criteria for evaluating the building and spaces, based on a quantitative research method, 20 architects who have conducted research in the field of historical architecture of Iran were asked to assess the criteria. Then, considering that the semantic differential scale is one of the quantitative methods for measuring people’s concepts and can clarify the presence or absence of a desired concept or quality in people’s perception, the obtained data was first analyzed using the semantic differential scale method to highlight the differences between criteria in a comparative context more clearly. The evaluation of the data was done on a bipolar scale with a seven-point spectrum ranging from -3 to 3. The ten building quality measurement criteria, extracted from the theoretical framework of the research, were arranged in pairs of opposite traits so that the respondents could provide clearer answers to the questions. This was done because, in the five studied historical monuments, each trait has a limit, and the comparison of the criteria is more effective when the contrast of prominent traits is present. Afterward, with the help of statistical tests, the correlation coefficient of the components was evaluated and analyzed.
Findings: In the comparative analysis of the studied schools, it is revealed that in the two schools of Sheykh Abdulhossein and Shafiyyeh, five criteria of natural light, natural ventilation, air temperature regulation, creating silence and peace, and green space are extremely weak. The components of safety and security, and beauty and decoration, on the other hand, are generally rated high, and similar evaluations can be found across all five historical buildings. The utilization of spatial capacities and the potential for functional planning are present in all the buildings, although this potential is less in Shafiyyeh School compared to the others. Movement circulation is favorable in all buildings except Shafiyyeh School, and the variety of materials is also less in Shafiyyeh and Memarbashi buildings than in the others.
Considering that the data showed a strong correlation between the three components of benefiting from natural daylight, natural air ventilation, and natural air temperature regulation through Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the quadratic fitting of nonlinear trends for these components was calculated and is shown in the corresponding graphs. According to the diagrams, whenever a space has windows or doors opening to the central courtyard, it benefits from natural ventilation. In other words, the means of benefiting from natural air are the windows, and the spaces do not have the possibility of absorbing light or air through other means. In traditional Iranian architecture, the concept of a “false window” is rarely seen, as all windows are operable and allow the use of outside air.
Conclusion: Adaptive reuse, as one of the most efficient approaches to historical buildings and structures, addresses today’s needs while preserving the identity of past spaces. It aims to create added value in urban living environments and optimize the use of heritage buildings. This approach has received serious attention in contemporary urban planning, becoming a significant chapter in both macro and detailed urban plans.
To achieve this, it was necessary to first extract and derive the measurement criteria from the theoretical foundations of the research. Ultimately, the ten criteria provided a framework for studying the buildings. The reliability of the questionnaire confirmed that the extracted criteria are dependable and can clarify answers to the research question regarding the adaptive reuse capacities of buildings.
The findings indicate that in historical schools with a central courtyard plan, the supply of light, air, and temperature regulation in the classrooms is provided through openings facing the courtyard, and these three components are interrelated. It is important to note that in the adaptive regeneration and transformation of traditional schools into new educational spaces, light supply can be separated from the air circulation, thus providing more comfortable conditions.
Expansive plans with spatial complexity, such as those seen in Rahim Khan or Sheykh Abdulhossein schools, may create contradictory conditions during the new reuse. The complexity of the plan and the presence of multiple spatial capacities, while one of the most important features in new spatial planning, may also distort communication routes to the outside of the building. In the event of an emergency, this can reduce the safety factor of the building. Therefore, attention must be given to the issue of emergency exits in reuse plans. This is especially important in Iran, where the tradition of constructing buildings is introspective, and the central courtyard limits the communication of spaces with the outside. Consequently, emergency exits, particularly during fires and earthquakes, must be considered in the design.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the essential skills architecture students need to succeed in their careers is the ability to collaborate and work in teams cooperatively. However, this skill is often neglected in the education system of architecture schools. As a result, after graduation, students realize that design is not an individual task and that they need to collaborate with others to move forward. Successful cooperation in architectural design requires teaching social and teamwork skills in design courses. Therefore, design education needs a shift towards a more collaborative approach. In this study, students first design individually using the traditional method, and then a collaborative design and teamwork model is introduced in workshops. Finally, these two methods are compared from the perspectives of both professors and students, and the key components of the collaborative education model are identified. The aim of this article is to describe the implementation and evaluation of the collaborative education model in architectural design courses.
Methods: This study evaluates the nature, outcomes, and effectiveness of the collaborative teaching method in architectural design courses. To achieve this, the study focuses on students in the Architectural Design Studio III at Azad University of Ardabil during the second semester of 2018. Two different teaching methods were tested: one is the traditional method of teaching architectural design, and the other is the collaborative teaching method. Two student groups were formed: one group participated in a ten-day course on the principles of participation, while the other group did not. The students in both groups were randomly selected. The results of these two experiences were then compared. Based on Linda Groth’s seven general strategies for research methods, the “causal-comparative” strategy was identified as the most appropriate research method for this study. Data collection was carried out by grouping students, working on a design topic, and conducting group evaluations. Tools such as “task scheduling,” “feedback essays,” and “peer evaluation” were used. The outcomes of the collaborative learning experience were assessed through questionnaires completed by students and professors. In the analysis phase, the responses were evaluated using an inductive approach.
Findings: The effectiveness of the collaborative design learning method was evaluated from both the students’ and refereeing professors’ perspectives. The results of the initial questionnaire (before implementing the collaborative learning method) revealed that students recognized the benefits of design teamwork but also perceived some weaknesses, which they identified as the main reason for decreased productivity in design teamwork. After implementing the collaborative method for both groups (the first group participated in the ten-day training course, and the second group did not), the results of the second student questionnaire showed that, with the proper implementation of this method in the architectural design workshop, the disadvantages of the method were minimized, and its benefits became more apparent. Additionally, the groups that participated in the ten-day training workshop performed better, had more positive evaluations of the method’s effectiveness, and encountered fewer challenges during the semester. The evaluations from the professors who judged the method were consistent with the students’ views. They rated the results of the group work as better and confirmed the improvement in students’ social and communication skills. They also positively evaluated the ten-day training course and their participation as effective ways to introduce students to the principles of collaboration and believed that the way students cooperated with their peers, responded to group work challenges, and presented their final results was better in the group that participated in the course compared to the other group.
Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that the collaborative teaching method enhanced students’ interaction and participation in the design process, improved their learning capacity, and boosted their motivation, communication, and social skills. This method also prepared them to face future challenges in the architectural profession. By integrating the different perspectives, interests, and personalities of group members, it offers a more comprehensive view of various aspects of design work. Students are also challenged to divide tasks, schedule the project, coordinate among members, and prepare for working on large projects in the profession. The various critiques of the design work during the process provide a deeper understanding of the design itself, helping students share their knowledge and increase their learning capacity through collaborative learning strategies.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Pedestrian paths are essential components of urban public spaces, serving much more than just transit routes. They offer platforms for social interactions, recreational activities, and help foster a sense of connection and attachment to the urban environment. The quality of design and landscape elements in these spaces can significantly impact the mental health of city dwellers. The historical and cultural Chaharbagh-e-Abbasi Street in Isfahan, one of the most iconic pedestrian pathways and urban symbols, holds particular significance in this context. This research aims to model the interaction between the landscape elements of pedestrian paths and citizens’ mental health. It investigates how sensory, spatial, functional, socio-cultural, and environmental dimensions can contribute to stress reduction, enhance emotional resilience, and improve psychological well-being. Methods: This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining both theoretical and empirical methodologies. The research sample consisted of 150 regular users of the pedestrian path, selected through random sampling. Data collection was carried out using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) to assess psychological well-being, and a researcher-designed questionnaire to evaluate perceptions of landscape elements. The data analysis employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS software to determine the relationships between the independent variables (landscape elements) and the dependent variable (mental health indicators). The landscape elements were categorized into five dimensions: sensory-experiential, spatial-dynamic, functional-supportive, social-cultural, and environmental-ecological, with each dimension encompassing specific criteria and observable variables. Findings: In this model, the path coefficients represent the intensity and direction of the influence between the latent variables (constructs). The path coefficient of 0.552 between the pedestrian path landscape and mental health indicates a direct, positive, and statistically significant impact, though moderate in strength. This suggests that the quality of pedestrian path landscape design positively influences the mental health of citizens. The highest path coefficient (0.853) is observed between the pedestrian path landscape and the functional-supportive dimension, highlighting its key role in the design and spatial organization of pedestrian environments. Other dimensions also show significant effects, including the socio-cultural dimension, with a path coefficient of 0.842, confirming its role in fostering social interactions and a sense of belonging. The spatial-dynamic dimension, with a path coefficient of 0.754, emphasizes the importance of spatial organization and accessibility in pedestrian path design. The sensory-experiential dimension, with a path coefficient of 0.724, reflects its essential role in shaping users’ psychological and emotional experiences. Finally, the environmental-ecological dimension, with a path coefficient of 0.704, underscores the importance of integrating environmental sustainability and natural elements into landscape design.
In the proposed model, the R² values indicate the proportion of variance explained by the independent variables for each construct. The R² value for mental health is 0.301, meaning that 30% of the variation in mental health can be explained by the landscape elements of pedestrian paths. The functional-supportive dimension has the highest R² value (0.875), reaffirming its crucial role in landscape design. Other dimensions also demonstrate substantial R² values, including the socio-cultural dimension (0.709), the spatial-dynamic dimension (0.668), the sensory-experiential dimension (0.524), and the environmental-ecological dimension (0.564), reinforcing their significance in shaping pedestrian path landscapes. Conclusion: Numerous studies have emphasized the impact of the built environment on individuals’ mental health, examining the relationship between landscape elements and urban settings through various indicators and analytical approaches. This research, through a literature review and expert consultation, classifies the key landscape elements affecting mental health in the Chaharbagh-e-Abbasi pedestrian path in Isfahan into five primary categories: sensory-experiential, spatial-dynamic, functional-supportive, socio-cultural, and environmental-ecological elements. The results indicate that functional-supportive, socio-cultural, and environmental-ecological factors significantly influence the quality of pedestrian path landscapes and act as key dimensions affecting users’ mental health. The strong relationship between the functional-supportive dimension and pedestrian path landscape quality highlights the necessity of improving functionality and support structures in pedestrian spaces to enhance user experience and psychological well-being.
Enhancing the spatial-dynamic, sensory-experiential, socio-cultural, and environmental-ecological dimensions, in order of priority, can be an effective step toward improving the pedestrian path landscape and the mental health of users. The findings of this research suggest that improving the landscape conditions of urban pedestrian paths should be regarded as a fundamental priority in urban planning and design policies. A comprehensive, user-centered approach to public space design can contribute not only to physical and mental well-being but also to strengthening social identity and interpersonal interactions. Such measures can play a crucial role in creating sustainable, livable, and health-oriented cities, providing urban policymakers and designers with practical tools to enhance the quality of public spaces.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: After the outbreak of COVID-19, the 15-minute city approach emerged as a post-pandemic urban planning strategy, attracting significant attention from many urban researchers. The 15-minute city approach is an innovative method based on a mid- to long-term comprehensive and systemic vision of the city, aiming to provide a better quality of life for its residents. The six fundamental functions of this approach—living, working, meeting needs, healthcare, education, and entertainment—are integrated within a planning network composed of four dimensions: proximity, density, diversity, and digitalization. In addition to the concept of the 15-minute city, other time-related urban concepts have been introduced by researchers and urban institutions. These time-based discourses, known as X-minute cities and encompassing a range of labels such as 1, 15, 20, or 30-minute cities or neighborhoods, activate a set of policies from the street level to the city scale. Researchers worldwide, considering factors like the scale of study, cultural, social, and economic contexts, type of study, and academic disciplines (urban planning, urban design, geography, transportation), have approached this concept in various ways. This diversity in perspectives presents numerous challenges. Therefore, the present research aims to clarify the dimensions and applications of this concept by re-examining the subject. The objective of this study is to provide a deep and robust theoretical foundation for advancing research on the concept of the 15-minute city. Accordingly, the present research conducts a meta-analysis of articles related to this approach within the time frame of 2014-2023. Methods: This research employs a meta-analysis method and a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the concept of the 15-minute city to elucidate the definition of this approach, its principles, characteristics, and measurement methods. Accordingly, this study is of a fundamental-theoretical nature. Meta-analysis is a systematic review that has a specific and well-defined research question and utilizes precise and organized methods to identify, select, and evaluate relevant studies, as well as to collect and analyze data from the research included in this review. For the purpose of meta-analysis and an in-depth study of the existing literature, a systematic review of global theoretical literature related to this concept was conducted over a ten-year period (from 2014 to 2023) to understand its concepts, dimensions, key elements, tools and methods, and their evolution. This literature was collected by searching the keywords “15-minute city,” “15-minute neighborhood,” “20-minute city,” “20-minute neighborhood,” “temporal urbanism,” and “walkable neighborhoods” in the titles of English articles through two search engines, Google Scholar and Scopus, as well as in the titles of Persian articles in the Noormags, SID, Civilica, MagIran, and ISC databases. To screen the articles, a qualitative assessment checklist and the QARI tool along with Program Skills Appraisal Critical (ASP) were utilized. Additionally, using the KESP checklist, each article was assigned a score ranging from one to five. Articles that accumulated scores above 21 were scientifically and qualitatively approved, while the remaining ones were excluded. By employing these tools and eliminating duplicate and irrelevant articles, a total of 106 articles were subjected to concise analysis, of which 4 were in Persian and 102 were in English. Findings: The findings of the research indicate that this approach is shaped by four fundamental dimensions: density, diversity, proximity, and digitalization. In this meta-analysis, topics such as the spatial distribution of articles, conceptual models, the nature of studies and effective criteria in elucidating the approach, scales of studies, methods and tools for data collection, the scientific validity of articles, and the consequences and topics related to the 15-minute city approach were examined. The spatial distribution of the articles reveals that over 40% of the studies have been conducted on European cities and neighborhoods. Regarding the 15-minute city model, most studies have relied on Paris 15-minute city model and Melbourne’s 20-minute neighborhood, with some studies introducing modifications relevant to their specific contexts. In evaluating and applying the 15-minute city approach, various dimensions and components have been identified. This article provides an in-depth examination of these components, categorizing them into five aspects: individual factors, environmental factors, facilities and services, physical factors, and perceptual-social factors. Concerning the scale of research, studies have been conducted at various levels, ranging from neighborhoods to metropolitan areas and states, with the city scale being the most extensively researched. In terms of methodology, the articles on the 15-minute city approach exhibit quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches. The reviews indicate that while there is a predominant focus on quantitative methods within this approach, the majority of studies employ mixed methods overall. Half of the reviewed articles hold a Q1 scientific ranking, and over 90% of the first authors are faculty members from prestigious universities worldwide, as well as doctoral and master’s students. The concentration of the reviewed articles within the fields of urban planning and its subfields—such as transportation, urban planning, and urban design—demonstrates the specialized nature of this topic within urban science. Due to its comprehensive nature, the 15-minute city approach influences a wide range of topics, from the health and well-being of citizens to feelings of satisfaction and social equality across various aspects of citizens’ lives. Conclusion: Based on the conducted reviews, the 15-minute city approach has a positive impact on important urban issues, including health and well-being, air quality, smart cities, social interactions, service location, urban agriculture, increased active transportation, happiness and vitality, social trust, satisfaction, time management, resilience, and social equality. Therefore, the significance of this approach as a comprehensive and holistic strategy becomes increasingly evident. Additionally, a limited number of Persian articles have addressed the 15-minute city approach, indicating opportunities for further studies on this approach for Iranian urban researchers and professionals. According to the conducted studies, the most significant research gaps concerning the 15-minute city include examining the effects of this approach on the macroeconomic aspects of location, land value, and value chains in urban spaces. Moreover, despite the elucidation of the 15-minute city approach, the necessary urban planning and management requirements for its realization still require further research. It should be noted that due to the innovative nature of this approach, more comprehensive results will be achieved over time with the increasing number of articles in this field.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: tUrban greenery is widely acknowledged as a key element for creating livable urban environments and enhancing the quality of life for residents. Public green infrastructure provides city dwellers with the opportunity to engage with the natural environment and ecosystems, in line with the Biophilic Hypothesis popularized by Wilson. The Biophilic Hypothesis asserts that individuals possess a deep biological need and desire to engage with nature in order to thrive as a species. It is reported that without engagement with nature, the general health and welfare of communities begins to decline. However, street greenery is an essential component of urban vegetation, providing residents with more frequent access to green spaces. While much of the research on urban green spaces has focused on parks, fewer studies have explored the role of street greenery at a micro-level. This research aims to evaluate and understand the psychological, physiological, and social prosperity benefits that people derive from experiencing high-quality street greenery within an urban landscape. Understanding the needs of local communities is the first step in planning to effectively and equitably address these needs. This case study explores the experiences, expectations, and satisfaction levels of users regarding the characteristics and impacts of urban street greenery along Amir Kabir Blvd in Shiraz, between Imam Hassan intersection and Ostad Bahman Beigi overpass intersections. The study employs the Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) technique to assess these factors. The key research questions are: How can high-quality urban street greenery improve the quality of the street environment? What are the expectations and satisfaction levels of users in the study area concerning the characteristics and impacts of urban street greenery? What should be the priority of management actions based on users’ feedback to address problems and enhance the quality of the street environment, considering the role of street greenery? Methods: This research was conducted using a mixed-methods approach with a case study. First, bibliographic and documentary collections were used to identify the relevant content. The Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) technique was widely applied to assess how well the attributes of urban street greenery (USG) met the expectations of consumers, clients, users, and visitors. In the measurement and data analysis section, this tool was utilized to evaluate the importance of the attributes and impacts of high-quality USG identified from the literature, comparing them against their relative performance for users of Amir Kabir Blvd in Shiraz, between Imam Hassan intersection and Ostad Bahman Beigi overpass intersections (n=180). Microsoft Excel 2019 and SPSS 27 were used for data analysis and graphing. To design the survey questionnaire, relevant literature, guided by Parker and Simpson and the PRISMA method of Moher et al., was reviewed. Studies conducted through a review of literature and global indicators, such as the World Health Organization’s report titled “Urban Green Spaces: A Brief for Action” and UN-Habitat’s “Global Public Space Toolkit,” were considered. These studies emphasized that street green spaces are part of the street and public space, and that streets serve as public spaces and drivers of urban prosperity. Additionally, both domestic and international articles on public green space, street green space, street-edge green space, and the Biophilic Hypothesis were reviewed. Findings: The anonymous pen and paper self-report questionnaire used for the survey had categorical demographic questions as well as the question and paired Likert scales required for an IPA assessing 24 attributes of quality UGS spaces for the site users identified from the literature. The IPA asked USG users “How important are the following features of Amir Kabir Blvd. of Shiraz from the Imam Hassan to the Master Bahman Beigi non-coplanar intersections to you and how satisfied are you with their management?” Participants could provide their importance ranking for each of the 24 attributes related to the quality USG space using a 5-point Likert scale that ranged from 1 = Not at All Important to 5 = Extremely Important. Participants provided their performance rankings using a modified 6-point Likert scale that started at 0 = Unable to Report and then spanned from 1 = Not at All Satisfied to 5 = Extremely Satisfied. The demographic profile of the study site users in the autumn 2022 of Shiraz shows, the gender distribution of the surveyed site’s population is skewed towards men. The age of the survey participants is also skewed towards a younger population. Also, about 90% of the studied users are from Shiraz and about 60% live within 5 kilometers of the site, which shows that the user population is skewed towards locals.
The anonymous pen-and-paper self-report questionnaire used for the survey included categorical demographic questions as well as questions with paired Likert scales required for the IPA, which assessed 24 attributes of quality urban green spaces (UGS) for site users, identified from the literature. The IPA asked UGS users, “How important are the following features of Amir Kabir Blvd. in Shiraz, between Imam Hassan intersection and Ostad Bahman Beigi overpass intersections, to you, and how satisfied are you with their management?” Participants ranked the importance of each of the 24 attributes related to the quality of UGS spaces using a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 = Not at All Important and 5 = Extremely Important. For performance rankings, participants used a modified 6-point Likert scale, starting at 0 = Unable to Report, and ranging from 1 = Not at All Satisfied to 5 = Extremely Satisfied. The demographic profile of the study participants in autumn 2022 shows that the gender distribution is skewed towards men. The age of the participants is also skewed towards a younger population. Additionally, about 90% of the users surveyed are from Shiraz, and approximately 60% live within 5 kilometers of the site, indicating that the user population is primarily local. Conclusion: The results of this research emphasize the key role of urban street greenery in the livability of the street environment. The quantitative values for the IPA show that the street green space in the study area is generally of low quality and does not meet the expectations of most users. According to the studies and findings from data analysis, from the users’ view, the weakest performances with the highest importance are related to equality, environmental/ecological, and social impacts. Therefore, the first priority of study and planning actions and projects should focus on creating a suitable environment for the presence of different age and gender groups (elderly, adolescents, and women), managing surface water and flood risk, eliminating street air pollution, improving the level and amount of green space in the study area, and ensuring personal security on the sidewalk (a subcategory of social impacts).

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: According to the World Health Organization, health is a multi-dimensional issue that, in addition to the physical aspect, includes mental and psychological dimensions. The goal of designing therapeutic spaces, beyond providing medical services, should be to address the mental and psychological needs of users—an aspect that has not yet been fully considered. Recently, in addition to the general population, depression has become increasingly common among patients with physical illnesses such as COVID-19, heart disease, lung conditions, diabetes, and others. This research aims to identify and categorize the physical characteristics that are effective in reducing the level of depression in the design of therapeutic spaces, and to determine the dominant mental pattern among expert professors in the fields of architecture and psychology. Methods: This study adopts a descriptive-survey research method. The process of identifying factors that influence the reduction of depression involved three main phases: content analysis of existing literature and documents, a two-stage Delphi survey, and exploratory factor analysis of the Q type to recognize and classify the mental patterns of experts. In the first part of the Delphi survey, interviews were conducted with fifteen experts in the fields of architecture and psychology, and the opinions of expert professors who were available at the time of the study were used. In the second part, twenty people participated in two stages through a closed questionnaire to analyze the Q factor. Findings: To check the content validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of five architecture experts were used. The questionnaire was distributed among them, and based on their feedback, items were added or removed. Therefore, the content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the experts. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the experts’ questionnaire was 0.716, indicating good reliability. Bartlett’s KMO test, with a value of about 0.7 and a significance level less than 0.05, confirmed the adequacy of sampling for this analysis. To ensure accuracy in calculations and due to the non-uniformity of participants in each component, the average response to the questions of each component was used to calculate the total variance. According to the scree chart, perceived factors were identified among 20 participants. The data matrix was rotated, and the factor loading of each individual was determined. In the end, the most important factors affecting the reduction of patients’ depression were identified, categorized, and named by the experts. Conclusion: In the end, according to experts, six dominant mental patterns were extracted: logical sequence, nature-oriented space, diverse space, targeted sociable space, safe space, and visual comfort. These are used by architects in the design of therapeutic spaces and are reflected in the final outcome. A nature-oriented space should be able to incorporate various elements such as still and flowing water on the site, the presence of water at different levels, the sound system and the effect of water, diversity of vegetation, and the use of plants at different levels. These factors can reduce patients’ internal psychological stress and increase their vitality. A targeted social space plays an important role in fostering social interactions among patients. Considering elements such as creating a purposeful open collective space for patients’ physical activity and designing for environmental interactivity can lead to meaningful social connections among patients. Additionally, an appropriate recreational and sports area should be provided next to the treatment space to facilitate interaction between patients and medical staff and to prevent personal harm. Spatial diversity—through varied materials for surface finishes, diversity in exterior, intermediate, and interior spaces, as well as variety in texture, material, color, and lighting—creates dynamism, movement, and vitality. Using these elements in both interior and exterior space design helps reduce anxiety, internal pressure, and social stress, and enhances liveliness. Visual comfort in hospitals should ensure the visual and physical ease of patients. This includes components such as appropriate views and landscapes, ambient lighting, light control, shadowed areas, light play, and energy efficiency for temperature and ventilation control. Logical sequence within the structural system of enclosed spaces should support patient well-being and reduce external stress in treatment areas. It is essential to establish continuity and logical connections between entrance spaces, waiting areas, and inpatient and surgical departments. A safe space should enhance both the physical and psychological safety of patients in treatment environments, while reducing external and social pressures. The use of these patterns can shape the final processing elements in the design process and lead to the development of architectural products, which here are therapeutic spaces.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Urban spaces have experienced significant transformations over time, resulting in both physical and functional deterioration. In recent years, governmental and municipal entities have implemented various strategies to revitalize and reconstruct these deteriorated urban areas. However, the substantial volume of deteriorated structures, coupled with the partial and prolonged execution of projects, underscores the inadequacy of these approaches. According to available statistics, approximately 1,350,000 hectares of deteriorated and informal settlements exist within the country’s urban areas, accommodating around 20 million individuals. This situation presents a critical challenge due to two primary concerns: firstly, residents are susceptible to damages from natural hazards such as earthquakes and floods because of substandard construction quality; secondly, these residents are more vulnerable in terms of income, employment, and access to services compared to other urban dwellers. The lack of sufficient funding, inadequate collaboration among various institutions, structural and infrastructural instability, use of non-standard materials, absence of desirable construction qualities, and environmental degradation highlight the urgent need for policies focused on regeneration and resilience enhancement of these settlements. Anjirab, a neighborhood in the city of Gorgan, serves as an example of an informal settlement. Like similar neighborhoods, it is characterized by a heterogeneous population, unauthorized and non-standard constructions, employment in informal sectors, poverty, low income, high immigration rates, and a diverse demographic structure. As generations and the socio-cultural composition of this community evolve, so do the expectations and demands of these low-income groups. Since this neighborhood was built by immigrants without adhering to architectural and urban planning principles, the current study aims to identify the factors influencing its livability. Methods: This article aims to identify and categorize the drivers of community-led regeneration in Anjirab neighborhood to enhance its livability, utilizing a structured analytical approach. Theoretical data were obtained through bibliographic research, while empirical data were gathered via a Delphi technique survey. The statistical sample consists of 20 urban experts selected through purposive sampling. The development drivers encompass 44 driving forces across five dimensions: economic, social, physical, institutional-management, and environmental, analyzed through the Cross-impact analysis method in MICMAC. Findings: The system environment analysis reveals that 218 factors exhibit tertiary relationships, indicating significant interaction and mutual influence among key drivers. Further research findings suggest that the driving forces are dispersed in a complex, intermediate state concerning their influence and effectiveness, with clustering patterns showing a concentration of drivers in the independent sector. Of the 44 driving forces, nine have a substantial impact on the future state of community-led regeneration in the Anjirab neighborhood: organized local organizations, attraction of regeneration funds, the attitudes and knowledge of city managers, inclusion of community-led regeneration in urban plans, establishment of specific regulations for regeneration, alignment of plans with residents’ needs and lifestyles, strengthening the role of neighborhood councilors, enhancement of the land’s economic value, and allocation of government funds. Systemically, these forces aim to improve urban environmental quality, positioning them as the most effective and critical drivers. Conclusion: This research aims to identify the drivers influencing the future state of community-led regeneration in Anjirab neighborhood of Gorgan, with the goal of improving its livability. The findings indicate that the general pattern of dispersion of the studied drivers, based on mutual effects analysis, reveals an unstable environmental system. These drivers display a complex and intermediate state in terms of effectiveness. Clustering analysis shows that the drivers are primarily concentrated in the independent forces sector. Among the 44 driving forces, nine have a key impact on the future of community-led regeneration in Anjirab, with a focus on enhancing livability. The results suggest that the growth and development of community-led regeneration in Anjirab require well-organized local organizations. These organizations can strengthen communication between residents and improve coordination of regeneration activities. Furthermore, attracting financial resources from both domestic and international sources is essential. These funds would facilitate the implementation and improvement of neighborhood regeneration plans and the creation of necessary infrastructure. The attitude and knowledge of city managers are crucial to the success of community-led regeneration. City managers must possess a deep understanding of community-led regeneration concepts and the skills necessary to implement related plans. Additionally, integrating community-led regeneration into urban planning is vital. Urban plans should not only address the needs and challenges of residents but also promote local community strength and solidarity. The establishment of specific laws to support community-led regeneration is also essential. These laws should provide the necessary motivation and support for regeneration activities while addressing local needs and challenges. Plans should be tailored to the needs and lifestyles of the residents, ensuring that design and implementation processes are aligned with their desires and requirements. Strengthening the role of neighborhood councilors can also significantly support community-led regeneration and improve livability. Councilors, who are local residents, can leverage their social credibility to effectively mobilize opinions, communicate with residents, and act as a liaison among all stakeholders.

Abstract Extended Abstract Background and Objectives: Urban space serves as a stage for social life, bringing together citizens regardless of their race, age, or profession, and breaking down social boundaries to present a display of the city’s social life. Since the quality of urban spaces directly affects the level of people’s engagement within them, creating high-quality urban spaces is considered one of the key responsibilities of architects and urban planners. In fact, the awareness of construction industry professionals, especially architects and urban planners, about the direct impact of each building on the quality of the surrounding urban space is essential to achieving a city with high-quality public spaces. This study aims to identify the role of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan as an influential element in the surrounding urban space, focusing on how it contributes to enhancing both the physical and non-physical qualities of the area. The authors believe that the findings of this research, in addition to highlighting the ability of buildings to enhance urban public spaces as small urban components, can serve as a valuable case study for further research by architects and urban planners interested in this topic. Methods: In this study, the prominent entrances of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan on the west, north, and east sides of the building—connecting the architectural space to the urban spaces of Hakim Mosque Street, Bagh-e-Qalandar Passage, and Hakim Mosque Alley, respectively—were selected for a more detailed study. The research method was a semi-structured interview, and the data collected from interviews with 160 citizens present in the urban space around the Hakim Mosque at different times during the week were summarized using Maxqda software. The data were then categorized in three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, to facilitate the study and analysis of the results. Findings: The data extracted from the interviews were compiled and presented in the form of 24 coherent concepts as examples of the architectural role of the Hakim Mosque in enhancing the quality of the surrounding urban space. These 24 concepts were then consolidated and presented as 12 criteria representing the architectural impact. These criteria include: the role of architecture in promoting culture in urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, the role of architecture in engaging human senses in urban space, the role of architecture in adding decorations to urban space, the role of architecture in restoring visual harmony in urban space, the role of architecture in controlling access from urban space, the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in mixing compatible uses in urban space, the role of architecture in creating safe zones in urban space, the role of architecture in providing safety in urban space, and the role of architecture in ensuring climate comfort in urban space. In the final stage of categorizing the research results, the axial codes were grouped into four main categories (selective coding): perceptual components, spatial components, physical components, and functional components. Conclusion: Since the examples related to the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, and of course the role of architecture in creating safe zone urban space were the most repeated among the interviewees’ opinions regarding the role of architecture in Isfahan Hakim Mosque in adding quality to the urban space around it, these four components can be considered as the strengths of the architecture of Isfahan Hakim Mosque in constructive interaction with the urban space around this building and focused on it to extract architectural solutions for application in planning, designing, and implementing new buildings. Furthermore, based on the research findings and in order to achieve the twelve components extracted from it, the authors explain how the factors affecting construction at three levels of legislation (including the municipal organization, the urban development organization, the national building regulations organization, the building engineering system, etc.), education and culture (including universities and educational institutions, architectural competitions, media, newspapers, etc.), and factors involved in the design and implementation process (including the designer and executive forces) are influential. For example, we can mention “the use of technical committees to guide the design process of new building facades” at the legislative level, “emphasis on the country’s national, cultural, and historical values in the process of training specialized personnel” at the level of education, and “regular study of landmark architectural works in the past and present world in order to increase the level of expectations of the quality of the living space” at the level of the public who involved in the design and implementation process. The examples related to the role of architecture in strengthening the sociability of urban space, the role of architecture in the legibility of urban space, the role of architecture in inducing a sense of place in urban space, and the role of architecture in creating safe zones in urban space were the most frequently mentioned in the interviewees’ opinions. These opinions were specifically about the role of the Hakim Mosque in Isfahan in enhancing the quality of the surrounding urban space. As a result, these four components can be considered as the strengths of the architecture of the Hakim Mosque. They reflect its constructive interaction with the urban space around the building. These strengths can be used to focus on extracting architectural solutions for application in the planning, design, and implementation of new buildings. Furthermore, based on the research findings and in order to achieve the twelve extracted components, the authors explain how factors affecting construction influence three levels: legislation (including the municipal organization, urban planning organization, national building regulations organization, engineering system, etc.), education and culture (including universities, educational institutions, architectural competitions, media, newspapers, etc.), and factors involved in the design and execution process (including the designer and executive staff). For example, at the legislative level, “the use of technical committees to guide the design process of new building facades” can be mentioned; at the educational level, “emphasizing the national, cultural, and historical values of the country in training specialized personnel” is important; and at the level of the public involved in the design and implementation process, “the regular study of landmark architectural works from the past and present to increase the expectations for the quality of living spaces” should be emphasized.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Throughout the history of human thought, numerous theories have emerged concerning the essence of architecture, its fundamental components, and the role and significance of each element. These theoretical perspectives have profoundly influenced how architecture is conceptualized, practiced, and taught. Dominant paradigms such as formalism and strict functionalism, for example, often reduce architecture to a purely visual or utilitarian construct—one that functions merely as a physical container for human activity. Such reductionist views tend to overlook the fixed and multidimensional nature of human beings, whose needs extend beyond the material to encompass emotional, sensory, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions. As a result, these perspectives fall short of addressing the full richness of human experience and hinder architecture’s potential to contribute to human flourishing. Among the elements that have been neglected or insufficiently explored in many of these modern approaches is the concept of “geometry.” Far more than a technical or decorative tool, geometry has historically served as a foundational and generative principle in architecture—one that organizes space, creates harmony, and reflects deeper metaphysical realities. This research seeks to re-examine the role of geometry within the broader system of creation, and by extension, within architectural design, through the lens of Islamic philosophy and thought. By adopting this holistic and spiritually grounded framework, the study aims to uncover the true ontological and functional status of geometry in architecture. Ultimately, it aspires to contribute to a richer pedagogical and practical approach to architectural education and design—one that is aligned with the innate nature of human beings and supports a more meaningful, purposeful built environment.
Methods: Initially, the research examines the definition and position of geometry across various human schools of thought. Using an interpretive-analytical approach and authentic Islamic sources, the study identifies this concept and its place within the system of existence, including architecture, thereby shaping the theoretical framework of the research. Through logical reasoning, the roles of geometry in architecture are extracted from this theoretical framework. For a comprehensive understanding, the four causes of geometry in architecture are identified and examined through a case study of the “House of Kaaba,” a manifestation of divine architecture.
Findings: The indicate the following:
- Efficient Cause: Geometry organizes architectural elements into a unified whole for human use, aiming for the perfection of human life.
- Final Cause: Geometry conveys meaning aligned with the architectural function, guiding individuals towards worship and understanding.
- Material Cause: The element of “space,” which must possess specific characteristics and features in each building, proportional to its function and human perceptual powers.
- Formal Cause: The limiting and distinguishing aspects of space (such as floors, ceilings, and exteriors), which must be proportionate to the building’s function and intended meaning, leading to the creation of a unique internal and external volume, decorated with appropriate arrangements.
Conclusion: This research underscores the profound significance of geometry in the realm of architecture, particularly through the lens of Islamic thought. By exploring the theoretical foundations and practical applications of geometry, the study reveals its essential role as the primary generator and organizer of architectural elements. The identification of the four causes—efficient, final, material, and formal—provides a comprehensive understanding of how geometry shapes and enhances architectural design. The case study of the Kaaba exemplifies the divine and functional aspects of geometry, demonstrating its capacity to harmonize architectural elements, convey meaningful symbolism, and create spaces that cater to both human perceptual powers and spiritual needs. This holistic approach not only enriches the sensory and spiritual dimensions of human life but also offers a robust framework for contemporary architectural practice. Ultimately, this research advocates for a renewed emphasis on geometry in architectural education and design, promoting a more integrated and meaningful approach that aligns with the holistic nature of human existence.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Today, the integration of new technologies in architectural education will lead to improved learning, improved student skills, increased participation, greater creativity, more positive attitudes toward courses and future careers, and greater interest and participation of instructors in classes. In the current era, one of the most significant emerging technologies in architectural education and the training of professional architects is Building Information Modeling (BIM). BIM represents a major advancement in the fields of architecture and construction, marking a shift from traditional two-dimensional drawings to intelligent three-dimensional models that are goal-oriented and data-driven. Unlike conventional design environments that rely on geometric shapes such as lines, squares, and circles, BIM utilizes architectural components like walls, doors, and windows, offering a more integrated and realistic design process. Considering the growing importance of applying such technologies in architectural education, the aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity for adopting new technologies, with a particular emphasis on BIM, in architectural education at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University.
Methods: This study employs a mixed-method approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, with an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature. For data analysis, Structural Equation Modeling using AMOS software and Q factor analysis using SPSS software were utilized. The statistical population includes architecture students and professors from Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University. Based on the Cochran formula, the student sample size for each university was determined to be 384 individuals. For professors, using a purposive Delphi method, the sample size was set at 8 for each university. In the first phase of the study, the components influencing architectural education, specifically in relation to the BIM model, were identified. Following this, architecture students were surveyed to assess the quality of each of these components, and the results were evaluated through structural equation modeling using AMOS software. The identified components include educational content (EC), educational process (EP), and institutional capacity and professors (ICP). Additionally, to explore the factors affecting the acceptance of new technologies such as BIM in architectural education, interviews were conducted with professors from the universities under study, and the findings were analyzed using Q factor analysis in SPSS.
Findings: The research findings show that, in the context of integrating new technologies such as BIM into architectural education, the critical values for all three variables of educational content, educational process, and institutional capacity and professors at Istanbul Technical University were above 1.96, indicating a statistically favorable condition at the 95% confidence level. In contrast, at Tabriz Islamic Art University, only the variable related to institutional capacity and professors exceeded the critical value of 1.96, while both educational content and educational process were found to be in an unfavorable state.
In addition to the quantitative assessment of architectural education at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University—focusing on the teaching of specialized new technologies such as BIM—interviews were also conducted with students to gather qualitative insights.
Conclusion: Studies conducted at Istanbul Technical University and Tabriz Islamic Art University indicate that BIM technology has not yet been incorporated into the architectural educational content at either university. However, given the existing capacity at Istanbul Technical University, the integration of this technology is feasible. Considering the necessity of adopting new technologies in architecture and the importance of training professional architects, it is essential to enhance the educational content, educational processes, and the capacities of universities and their faculty to improve students’ competencies in architectural principles and their ability to engage with various models and methodologies.
While Istanbul Technical University possesses the full capacity to support this process, Tabriz Islamic Art University faces fundamental shortcomings, particularly in its educational content and teaching processes.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The household, as a complex network of architectural structures, objects, technologies, energy flows, concepts, and humans, has always been subject to change. Each of these agents, as active actors, have always played a role in changing the home and domestic spaces. Recognizing the agency and role of each of these actors in the home network and its changes can help to better understand the household as a dynamic and multidimensional institution. While some of these actors are very simple and have lesser roles and effects in the home network, others are very complex. These complex actors can cause changes in the material and non-material environment around them from various aspects Television is one of the most complex actors in the household network, having introduced significant changes to the form, function, and meaning of the home since its advent. A key reason for its importance lies in the fact that, unlike most other domestic elements, television encompasses both a material and a content-based dimension and the content-based aspect is even more important than its material aspect. Despite the crucial significance of this content dimension, this study focuses on the material aspect of television, aiming to explore the role of television’s material culture and the extent of its agency in domestic transformations.
While this subject can be explored across different cultural contexts and temporal-spatial frameworks, this research specifically investigates the role of television in shaping the houses of Tehran’s middle-class during the first two decades following its introduction in Iran, that is, from the establishment of the first television network in Tehran in 1958 until the Iranian Revolution in 1978.
Methods: This research employs ethnographic methods and thematic analysis. Three primary sources of data were utilized: interviews with residents of Tehran during the specified period, photographs from family photo albums, and textual and visual content from lifestyle magazines of that era.
First, using a purposive and criterion-based sampling method, semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with twenty individuals who lived in Tehran during the specified time period and owned a television set at the time. Family photographs were collected from three sources: participants’ personal photo albums, the researchers’ open search through various individuals’ family albums, and publicly available photos found on the internet and virtual social networks.
Regarding lifestyle magazines, data were gathered from four publications: Ettelā’āt-e Bānuvān, Ettelā’āt-e Māhāne, Ettelā’āt-e Haftegi, and Zan-e Rooz, all from the relevant time frame. Finally, all collected data were thematically analyzed using Atlas.ti software.
Findings: The findings indicate that in the early years, television faced various internal and external forms of resistance, most notably ideological and economic, when it was introduced to the middle-class homes in Tehran. Despite these challenges, television quickly found its way into homes, thanks to several key factors that helped make it a normal part of everyday domestic life. Among the most significant of these drivers were the connection it created between the outside world and the household, the domestication of leisure and entertainment, and the availability of television sets through installment payment plans. However, once inside the household, television encountered difficulties in finding a suitable and ideal placement due to the spatial organization of traditional Iranian houses. These houses were often characterized by closed floor plans and small, numerous, nested spaces. The absence of a large, central living area further exacerbated the challenge of integrating television into the domestic environment.
In the early years of television’s introduction, residents determined the placement of the television set through a process of trial and error, often guided by advice from popular magazines. In doing so, they took into account four main categories of considerations: functional, aesthetic, socio-cultural, and spatial. Thus, during this early period, the presence of the television set brought about numerous spatial, functional, and behavioral challenges, all of which required significant adjustments. The findings suggest that the material presence of television played an active role in driving these various spatial and structural changes within houses of the middle-class in Tehran.
Conclusion: In the first two decades following the introduction of television into the homes of Tehran’s middle-class, the presence of the television set played an active role in the occurrence of both material and immaterial changes within the spaces of these homes. Among these changes, one can note the transformation of certain concepts, such as inside-outside and public-private. These were concepts that had once been distinctly separated in domestic life and, consequently, in the architecture of Iranian homes, with clear and firm boundaries. However, with the advent of electronic media, particularly television, along with other agens not discussed here, these boundaries gradually became increasingly blurred.
The presence of television sets, along with the emergence of collective viewing behaviors and “television parties,” created a need for larger spaces that could serve as the main gathering area for the family while also accommodating guests who came to watch television. This need gradually led to a shift from closed floor plans to open ones, resulting in the integration of public spaces in new homes. The formation of a central hall, which eventually took on the role of the main living room, followed by the merging of the hall and guestroom to create the living/reception room, was a direct outcome of this shift.
As television became the central focus of home spaces, the empty area in front of the TV in typically unfurnished middle-class Iranian homes became the most important space for domestic activities. This transformation made television the key agent in organizing the public zone of homes.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Background and objectives: The study of agricultural heritage provides valuable insights into the indigenous perspectives on the interaction between human societies and the natural environment. Analyzing various dimensions of this heritage explains how natural resources were historically harnessed for subsistence. The limitations of past human capacities, coupled with the absence of advanced agricultural technologies, prompted innovative responses—transforming constraints into opportunities and developing environmentally adapted and efficient practices. Agricultural heritage encompasses a system of tangible and intangible values, manifesting in the physical forms of gardens, agricultural fields, and associated structures, as well as in non-material elements such as traditional farming techniques. Climatic diversiyt, historical developments, and culturally specific approaches to agricultural organization have contributed to the emergence of diverse agricultural heritage systems across different regions. In the contemporary context, the recognition and revitalization of agricultural heritage are critical not only for sustaining rural livelihoods but also for preserving  rural communities and the conservation of traditional ecological knowledge.
Methods: The revival of agricultural heritage values can contribute to tourism, landscape enhancement, environmental sustainability, and heritage preservation. However, a comprehensive understanding requires the recognition and study of both tangible and intangible aspects, as these aspects are interdependent. This qualitative research seeks to examine the agricultural heritage of a village, with a particular focus on farm-related buildings, through an integrated approach that considers both physical structures and non-physical cultural practices. In this context, a review of existing literature on agricultural heritage led to the selection of Vaneshan village as the case study. Over a three-year period, research was conducted on the village’s vernacular architecture and its agricultural heritage. Data were collected through field observations, surveys, and interviews, and were subsequently analyzed using a logical and interpretive framework.
Findings: The findings indicate that the agricultural heritage of Vaneshan village is shaped by two key climatic and geographical features: the Kohan Rud River and Deegah Mountain. Although the river does not directly supply irrigation water, its flow enhances the local groundwater, which feeds the village’s three qanats and their water sources. The alluvial soil along the riverbanks and the elevated groundwater levels make these areas significantly more suitable for cultivation compared to the steep mountain slopes, which demand more intensive irrigation. Conversely, the selection of the fortified mountain area for residential settlement reflects an intentional avoidance of high groundwater zones. Consequently, the village has expanded along the river, due to the agricultural potential of the plain and the natural barriers posed by Deegah Mountain. Two key architectural elements representing Vaneshan’s agricultural heritage are the Pigeon Tower and the Keche. The Pigeon Tower, beyond providing nutrient-rich manure for agriculture, also serves as a watchtower and acts as a dual function that distinguishes its form from similar structures in the region. The Keche, a temporary dwelling used during agricultural activity, plays a significant role in both the functional landscape and the visual character of the fields. It is considered a distinctive and valuable feature within the village’s agricultural heritage system.
Conclusion: In examining the agricultural heritage of Vaneshan village, it is essential to consider intangible cultural elements, such as traditional farming practices, irrigation methods, and harvesting techniques, as these inform and influence the physical characteristics of agricultural structures. A comprehensive and accurate understanding of agricultural heritage requires an integrated approach that includes both tangible and intangible dimensions. The Keche represents a form of temporary shelter used in the agricultural lands of Vaneshan during planting and harvesting seasons. Unlike permanent village dwellings, which serve as year-round residences, the Keche is used seasonally and remains unoccupied outside periods of agricultural activity. Despite its temporary function, the Keche reflects the architectural values found in Vaneshan’s historic homes, notably simplicity, minimalism, and proportionality. These three attributes help define the distinction between the permanent house and the seasonal Keche, and have their architectural and cultural boundaries.

Abstract Extended Abstract
Objectives and Background: In recent years, District 22 of Tehran has undergone significant transformations due to the city's expansion. Many residents from other areas have chosen this district as a preferable place to live, seeking distance from pollution. However, rapid development has brought numerous issues to the area, such as inadequate public transportation, high population density, density-selling violations, real estate speculation, uncontrolled construction, high-rise developments, water shortages, low service per capita service levels, limited access to central Tehran, a stagnant business environment, high migration rates, and weak social ties within newly developed communities. These challenges have progressively impacted the district's livability. Examining District 22’s development pattern over the past four decades reveals a marked inflation of decision-making processes, indicating a reliance more on market-driven growth than on sustainable urban planning models. As a result, car-oriented development has become the norm, exacerbating environmental and social problems. In light of this situation, the question of District 22's livability and its future is critical. Addressing this complexity requires adopting new, complementary paradigms and approaches—particularly those emphasizing human-centered urban development. The concept of the "human-centered city" offers a comprehensive framework to enhance livability and promote sustainable growth in District 22. This study thus assesses the livability status of District 22 using this approach, aiming to address urban challenges through sustainable, human-centered development strategies.
Methods: This research is applied in purpose and uses a descriptive-analytical approach in methodology. Data and information were collected through both bibliographic and field (questionnaire) methods. The statistical population includes the residents of the 12 neighborhoods within District 22 of Tehran metropolis, with a sample size of 383 individuals determined using Cochran’s formula at a 95% confidence level and assuming maximum heterogeneity (p = q = 0.5). A simple probabilistic sampling method, known for its scientific value, was applied to select the sample. The content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, resulting in a reliability score of 87%. Sampling was conducted in two stages. Initially, proportional allocation sampling was employed to distribute the sample across the target population, considering the overall characteristics and diversity of the study area. Accordingly, a percentage of questionnaires was assigned to each neighborhood in District 22 based on its population share. In the second stage, due to the complexity of the target population, random sampling was used to select residential units.Various conceptualizations of livability indicate that no universally accepted measurement approach exists. However, most studies focus on subjective livability perceptions, typically assessed through social surveys or questionnaires. In this study, the behavioral geography perspective was employed to evaluate the livability of Tehran's District 22 using a human-centered urban approach. Therefore, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed to measure residents' subjective perspectives across four main dimensions- economic, social, physical, and environmental- using 76 items. For data analysis, tests such as the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-sample T-test, ANOVA, and path analysis were conducted using SPSS software. Additionally, Shannon’s entropy and the MABAC (Multi-Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison) model were used to rank the neighborhoods within District 22.
Findings: The results revealed that the status of this district concerning the studied subject is below average. The neighborhoods of Lake Shohadaye Khalij Fars (Persian Gulf), Golestan, and Zibadasht ranked first to third with the highest scores for livability under the human-centered city approach. Sharif, Havanirouz, Sarvazad, and Sharif neighborhoods ranked tenth to twelfth with the lowest scores for livability. Among livability dimensions, the greatest gap was observed in the physical aspect while the least gap was found in environmental aspects. Overall livability conditions across neighborhoods in District 22 were rated as average to poor: %16 were classified as acceptable clusters; 17% as tolerable; 25% as average; another %25 as poor; and 17% as unacceptable clusters.Based on these findings, it can be concluded that factors contributing to livability issues in District 22 stem from its continuous development without adequate attention to improving necessary amenities and services for residents. Studies indicate that this area has been significantly impacted by decision-making inflation that prioritizes market demand over logical planning aligned with sustainable urban development models—effectively placing control in the hands of land speculators rather than focusing on local services and amenities.This lack of facilities and supporting infrastructure has resulted in income and employment for many residents being located outside District 22. Additionally, economic sanctions have exacerbated financial burdens on families due to insufficient amenities (for instance, over 50 thousand educational trips are made daily from District 22 to Region 5). Consequently, economic participation rates in this district dropped from %39 in 2011 to %37.1 in 2016. The social fabric predominantly consists of middle-income groups engaged mainly in service-related occupations.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the current urban sprawl and unbalanced growth in District 22 of Tehran do not align with the principles of human-centered cities, such as social cohesion, walkability, safety, neighborhood connections, and community spirituality. The development of new areas within the district (such as Sharif University Town, Sarv-e Azad, and Havanirouz) has largely prioritized vehicular traffic over urban plans, diminishing the region's social and human-centered urban identity. High rates of migration, poor connectivity between residents of high-rise complexes and surrounding neighborhoods, limited security infrastructure, and fragmented functional identities have led to decreased social cohesion and a decline in the quality of public spaces, especially in newly developed areas. Additionally, the incomplete spatial structure and reliance on highways hinder the formation of streets as social spaces, discouraging human presence and social interaction in these areas. For District 22 to evolve into a human-centered and livable area, it is essential to encourage active citizen involvement alongside urban planners and policymakers. Achieving livability with a human-centered approach requires optimizing various forms of social participation, a crucial element in building human-centered cities.