نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• ایرج اسدی ¹
• اسفندیار زبردست ²

¹ دانشیار، گروه شهرسازی، دانشکده هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

² استاد، دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

به رسمیت شناختن مناطق کلان‏‌شهری و نیز پرسش از نهادها و ساختارهای متناسب و اثربخش برای مدیریت و حکمروایی این گونه مناطق نزدیک یک قرن دغدغه فکری جدی اندیشمندان این حوزه بوده است. مطالعات نشان می‏‌دهد در مواقعی که مدل‏‌هایی برای تجدید‏سازمان حکومتی این مناطق در ایران پیشنهاد شده‌‏است، بافتار فضایی و سیاسی خاص مناطق کلان‏‌شهری کشور کمتر مورد ملاحظه قرار گرفته‏‌اند. ازاین رو، هدف اصلی این مقاله یافتن آن دسته از مدل‏‌های منطقه‌‏گرایی کلان‏شهری است که با تعریف جغرافیایی از مجموعه‏‌های شهری کلان‏‌شهری و نیز ویژگی‏‌های ساختار سیاسی و مدیریت محلی و منطقه‌‏ای کشور تناسب نسبی دارند. این مقاله بعد از بحث موجز درباره دلایل پرداختن به منطقه‏‌گرایی کلان‏‌شهری، ابتدا به طرح گونه‏‌شناسی‌‏های مختلف درباره منطقه‏‌گرایی کلان‏‌شهری پرداخته و با بررسی تفصیلی چند گونه‏‌شناسی مهم و شناخته شده به فهرست نمودن مدل‏‌ها و اشکال اصلی منطقه‏‌گرایی کلان‏‌شهری می‏‌پردازد. در ادامه تناسب و اثربخشی هر یک از مدل‏‌های منطقه‏‌گرایی کلان‏‌شهری بر حسب دو تعریف عمده از «شهر»، یکی در معنای ناحیه ساخته‌‏شده شهری یا کلان‏‌شهری و دیگری در معنای منطقه عملکردی شهری یا کلان‏‌شهری مورد بررسی قرار می‏‌گیرند. یافته‏‌های تحقیق نشان می‌‏دهد برخی از مدل‏‌های منطقه‏‌گرایی از پیش در کشور مورد استفاده بوده‌‏اند. با این حال از میان تمام مدل‏‌های مورد بررسی تنها سه مدل تاسیس سازمان‏‌های خدماتی منطقه‏‌ای چندمنظوره، شورای منطقه‌‏ای و حکومت منطقه‌‏ای برای اداره یکپارچه مناطق مجموعه‏‌های شهری کلان‏‌شهری تناسب و اثربخشی خواهند داشت.

چکیده تصویری

تازه های تحقیق

- استخراج  9 مدل و راهبرد رایج  منطقه‌گرایی کلان‌شهری در جهان.
- ارزیابی تناسب و اثربخشی مدل‌های منطقه‌گرایی مذکور برای مناطق کلان‌شهری ایران و نشان دادن 2 مدل به لحاظ فضایی متناسب برای اداره مناطق مذکور.  
- انجام ارزیابی بر حسب سه معیار یا تعریف مشخص از شهر: الف) شهر در معنای تقسیمات سیاسی؛ ب)شهر در معنای ناحیه ساخته شده شهری یا کلان‌شهری؛ ج) شهر در معنای ناحیه یا منطقه شهری یا کلان‌شهری عملکردی.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مجموعه‏‌های شهری
• مناطق کلان‏‌شهری
• مدل‏‌های منطقه‏‌گرایی کلان‏‌شهری
• تفرق سیاسی
• الحاق
• حکومت کلان‏‌شهری

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation and Introducing Effective Models of Regionalism for Integrated Governing of Iran's Metropolitan Regions

نویسندگان [English]

• Iradj Asadie ¹
• Esfandiar Zebardast ²

¹ Associate Professor, Department of Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.

² Professor, Faculty of Urban Planning, College of Fine Art, University of Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: The recognition of metropolitan regions as well as the question of appropriate and effective institutions and structures for the governance of them has been a serious intellectual concern for nearly a century. These pioneering metropolitan scholars argued that the management of contemporary metropolitan areas based on the ideas, methods, structures, and institutions of traditional urban management were no longer effective. A great deal of governmental reorganizations should take place in these areas to address the managerial inefficiencies of these new space realms. The argument for governmental reorganizations and establishing large-scale metropolitan governments was based on the belief that the process of physical growth and development of twentieth century cities has transcended the boundaries of traditional political divisions in such a way that the city and the political boundaries of the historic municipality no longer correspond even to the territory of the built-up urban area. In other words, the city and the built-up urban areas with its horizontal expansion covers a much wider range of traditional political divisions of the municipality and even larger political territories such as county and districts, and this means that there is no correspondence between the built-up territory of the city and its political and governmental organization. This non-compliance poses the greatest managerial challenge for this type of large urban regions, known as political or governmental fragmentation. On the other hand, metropolitan regionalism generally refers to a set of strategies aimed at overcoming the challenge of political and governmental fragmentation. As the metropolitan scholars emphasize, all kinds of strategies and models of metropolitan regionalism are in fact a response to the growth of urban areas beyond the usual administrative-political boundaries, during which the metropolitan areas or regions transcends political boundaries of tens or hundreds of cities, counties and districts. Hence, the discussion of governance organization in metropolitan areas in the form of various models and strategies of regionalism has been a topic that has been raised at the same time with the beginning of the first dispersal of cities and sprawl beyond conventional legal-political boundaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. All strategies of metropolitan regionalism seek to create a variety of structures or processes to create coordination, cooperation and collaboration between the various territorial and institutional actors in the region in order to mitigate the adverse economic, social, political and environmental effects of political fragmentation. In the last two decades, from when the issue of metropolitan regionalism in Iran was discussed with the approval of the bill "Planning and management of the Majmooe-a-shahri of Tehran (Tehran metropolitan regions) and other major cities" in 1995, governments and academics have developed various models and strategies to overcome the challenge of political fragmentation in metropolitan areas, although almost none have been implemented. Reviews show that in a significant part of the proposed models for reorganizing the government of these areas, the specific spatial and political context of metropolitan areas in Iran have been less considered and therefore, in terms of theoretical and practical criteria for action in any governmental reorganization, the proposals presented suffer from methodological errors. For example, for the integrated management of the country's metropolitan areas, a two-tier (federal) metropolitan government model has been proposed, which has been used in the world to overcome political fragmentation in the built-up urban or metropolitan area, not huge functional urban regions that are very different from the former in terms of geographical definition and functional requirements. This methodological error is mostly due to the lack of sufficient consideration for the nature of different types of city-based regions on the one hand and not so deep knowledge of regionalism models and political and functional requirements of their implementations on the other hand. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to find those models of metropolitan regionalism that are in relative proportion with the geographical definition of metropolitan regions (majmoo-e-shahri) as well as the characteristics of local and regional territorial management of the country.
Methods: For achieving our purpose, various models of metropolitan regionalism are examined in order to show the scope of their application - in terms of spatial-territorial, political and functional requirements of each. So, after a concise discussion of the reasons for dealing with metropolitan regionalism, discusses the various well-known typologies of metropolitan regionalism and provides a detailed list of main models of metropolitan regionalism. In the following, the appropriateness and effectiveness of each of the models of metropolitan regionalism in terms of two major definitions of "city", one in the sense of urban or metropolitan built-up area and the other in the sense of urban or metropolitan functional region are examined. 
Findings: The research findings show that among the different models discussed in this paper three models, namely annexation, local and regional special districts and formal inter-municipal cooperation have been used in Iran before. However, the important point is that, apart from local and regional special districts, the other two models are used to consolidate territorial governance in urban or metropolitan built-up area rather than whole of a large metropolitan region. Other three models, two-tiered metropolitan government, comprehensive urban county, and city-county consolidation are also used to consolidate territorial governance in urban or metropolitan built-up areas or small urban regions within a county borders. The two models of regional councils as well as regional government are the only models and structures that by definition can cover the whole of a large metropolitan region frequencies.
Conclusion: The intellectual contribution of this paper is to show which model will have the most effectiveness to establish unity in the governance of large metropolitan regions. Here, by examining the spatial extent and functional spectrum of different models of regionalism, it is clear that two models of regional councils as well as regional government are the only models and structures that by definition can cover the whole of a large metropolitan region.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Majmoo-e-Shahri
• Metropolitan Regions
• Models of Metropolitan Regionalism
• Political ivision. Annexation
• Metropolitan Government