نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری معماری، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 استاد، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران.
3 استادیار، گروه معماری، دانشکده معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
ادیان اسلام و یهود در سرزمین‌های ظهور کردند که دارای بسترهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی بوده است. این ادیان برای همراه کردن پیروان و سهولت پذیرش مردم، هر آنچه از این بسترها برآمده بود را به‌کل مردود ندانستند، بلکه با برخی از آن‌ها که منافاتی با دین جدید نداشت همراه شدند و حتی به مرور از آن‌ها تاثیراتی پذیرفتند. مکانهای دینی ادیان نیز به تدریج تحت تاثیر بسترهای نامبرده شکل گرفتند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، مطالعۀ تطبیقی تاثیر بسترهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی سرزمین پیدایش ادیان اسلام و یهود، بر شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی آنان بوده است. پرسش این است که بسترهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی موجود در سرزمین پیدایش ادیان اسلام و یهود چه تاثیری بر شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی آن سرزمین داشته است؟ پژوهش از لحاظ راهبرد کیفی و از نظر ماهیت و روش تفسیری-تحلیلی است که با مطالعه و تحلیلی تطبیقی، تاثیر این بسترها را بر شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی ادیان اسلام و یهود جستجو کرده‌است. نمونه مورد مطالعه، نخستین مکانهای دینی در دین اسلام یعنی کعبه، مسجد مدینه و نخستین مساجد اسلامی و در دین یهود یعنی خیمه عهد، معبد اورشلیم و کنیسه‌های نخستین بوده است. پژوهش بسترهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی را به عنوان سطوح تبیین و تطبیقِ این مطالعۀ تطبیقی برگزیده‌است و نخست این بسترها را در سرزمین‌های پیدایش ادیان اسلام و یهود جستجو کرده و سپس به بررسی تاثیر آن‌ها بر شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی در دو دین نامبرده پرداخته است. نتایج پژوهش ضمن تاکید بر اشتراک تاثیرپذیری نخستین مکانهای دینیِ ادیان اسلام و یهود از بسترهای نامبردۀ موجود در سرزمین پیدایش آنان و تحلیل چگونگی این تاثیر، تحلیلی تطبیقی از تاثیر این بسترها بر شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی در ادیان منتخب ارائه داده است.
چکیده تصویری
)
تازه های تحقیق
- در سرزمین پیدایش دین اسلام و یهود، شکل‌گیری نخستین مکانهای دینی متاثر از بستر فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی آن سرزمین بوده است.
- پیدایش مکانهای دینی در ادیان اسلام و یهود، از منظر تاثیرپذیری از بسترهای فرهنگی، اجتماعی و جغرافیایی موجود در سرزمین مشترک، اما از نظر میزان تاثیر هر یک از این بسترها مشابه نیستند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
The influence of cultural, social, and geographical contexts on the emergence of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism
نویسندگان [English]
- Seyedeh Mahsa Bagheri 1
- Seyed Behshid Hosseini 2
- Mahmoud Arzhmand 3
1 Ph.D. in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tehran University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
Extended Abstract
Background and Objectives: Religions do not develop in isolation; instead, they emerge within cultural, social, and geographical contexts. Islam and Judaism both originated in regions characterized by specific cultural, social, and geographical factors. Rather than rejecting these contexts, these religions often engaged with and, over time, influenced by elements that were compatible with their respective beliefs. This adaptation was driven by the need to foster empathy with the local people and facilitate the acceptance of the new faith. Consequently, religious places gradually took shape, and formed by the existing contexts. This study carries out a comparative analysis of the impact of cultural, social, and geographical factors in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism on the development of their first religious places. It seeks to investigate the role of cultural, social, and geographical contexts in shaping the first religious places in Islam and Judaism?
Methods: This research uses a qualitative, interpretive-analytical approach and utilizes a comparative methodology to investigate how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in the birthplaces of Islam and Judaism influenced the formation of their early religious places. Data collection relies on extensive library resources. The case studies selected for examination include the Kaaba, the Medina Mosque, and the first Islamic mosques for Islam, and the Tabernacle, the Temple in Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues for Judaism. The research treats cultural, social, and geographical contexts as interpretive and comparative units. It begins by identifying these contexts in the regions of Islam and Judaism’s origins and then assesses their impact on the formation of the first religious places in these two religions.
Findings: The findings of this study revolve around an analysis of how the cultural, social, and geographical contexts in these regions influenced the development of the first religious places in Islam and Judaism. In the cultural context, aspects such as artistic expressions, beliefs, individual values, and convictions originating from previous or new religious influences were examined. The social context encompassed political, economic aspects, customs, collective habits, societal norms, and values, while the geographical context included the climate and the physical location of the birthplaces of these religions and their relationship with the formation of religious places. Specifically, the study evaluated how these aspects and contexts influenced the creation of the Kaaba, the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, and the first mosques in Islam, as well as the Tabernacle of the Covenant, the Temple of Jerusalem, and the earliest synagogues in Judaism..
Conclusion: The results reveal that Islam and Judaism differed in terms of the extent to which each context influenced them. In the comparison of cultural contexts and aspects, including beliefs, individual values, and beliefs derived from previous or new religions, it became evident that both religions were influenced by the preexisting beliefs of the land. For instance, Islam embraced concepts such as the interaction between the present life and the afterlife, monotheism, and the rejection of polytheism, while Judaism adopted beliefs in the sanctity of stones and directions. In the comparison of social contexts and aspects, Islam prioritized collective worship and equal access to religious spaces for all members of society, as seen in the Kaaba and the Medina Mosque. Conversely, Judaism, influenced by beliefs in social hierarchies, exhibited spatial divisions and social hierarchies in accessing inner spaces, as witnessed in the Tabernacle of the Covenant and the Temple of Jerusalem.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Islam
- Judaism
- Religious Places
- Cultural Context
- Social Context
- Geographical Context
این مقاله برگرفته از رساله دکتری نویسنده نخست با عنوان «تفسیر معماری دینی از منظر معمار» می‌باشد که به راهنمایی نویسنده دوم و سوم در دانشگاه هنر تهران انجام گرفته است.
This article is derived from the first author`s doctoral thesis entitled “Architect’s interpretation of religious architecture”, supervised by the second and third authors, at Tehran University of Art.
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